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. 2019 Jul 12;11(7):1176. doi: 10.3390/polym11071176

Table 4.

ROP literature for the preparation of lignin copolymers.

Lignin Source Monomers (Representative) Initiator and Conditions Application Ref.
Lignophenol from Japanese cedar graphic file with name polymers-11-01176-i019.jpg Benzyl bromide moieties, bulk, 100 °C, 12 h Composites [91]
Sulfonated lignin from Sigma Aldrich, USA graphic file with name polymers-11-01176-i020.jpg Tosylated lignin, DMSO, 100 °C, 10 h Anti-infective ointment [92]
Indulin AT from Ingevity Corp. (Charleston, SC) graphic file with name polymers-11-01176-i021.jpg Lignin hydroxyls, triazabicyclodecene (TBD), bulk, 130 °C for 3.5 h Composites [93]
Biobutanol lignin from Songyuan bairui bio-polyols Co. Ltd. graphic file with name polymers-11-01176-i022.jpg BBL initiator, triazabicyclodecene (TBD), bulk, 135 °C Composites, coatings [94]
Alkali lignin or organosolv lignin from Sigma Aldrich, graphic file with name polymers-11-01176-i023.jpg Sn(Oct)2, 120–130 °C, 24–45 h, solvent free or with solvents such as toluene Composites, nanofibers for healthcare applications [95,96]
Alkali lignin graphic file with name polymers-11-01176-i024.jpg solvent-free ROP, tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, 130 °C for 24 h Nanofibers for biomedical applications [97]
Softwood Kraft lignin from UPM BioPiva graphic file with name polymers-11-01176-i025.jpg Hydrogenolyzed lignin hydroxyls, Phosphazene base P4-t-Bu, THF, at 50 °C for 2 days Non-ionic surfactants [98]