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Scanning electron micrograph of irradiated PVDF films etched with KMnO4 0.25 mol L−1 solution in KOH 9 mol L−1 at: (a) 55 °C, (b) 65 °C, (c) 75 °C and (d) 85 °C. The fluence is 4.7 × 109 cm−2 (55 °C) and 9.5 × 108 cm−2 for the other conditions. Etching time is (Left) 1 h and (Right) 3 h, adapted from reference [248].
