Table 1.
Summary of dietary flavonoid intake (mg/day) world-wide.
| Country a | Population | Dietary Assessment | Intake (mg/day) | Ref | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthocyanin | Flavonol | Flavone | Flavanone | Isoflavone | Total Flavonoid * | ||||
| Denmark | n = 2822, 41 ± 23 yo | Food record | 25 | 19 | 3 | 13 | 60 | [84] | |
| Finland | n = 2007, 44 ± 20 yo; n = 1575, 41 ± 23 yo | 48 HDR b | 28 to 126 | 5 to 17 | 3 | 27 ± 43 | 0.9 ± 3.9 | 33 to 76 | [85,96] |
| Sweden | n = 1210, 41 ± 23 yo | Food record | 19 | 18 | 2 | 19 | 58 | [85] | |
| North Europe | n = 11,764, 54 ± 20 yo | Food record | 24.1 ± 0.4 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 23.6 ± 0.6 | 51 ± 1 | [84] | ||
| Belgium | n = 1304, 41± 23 yo | 24 HDR c | 19 | 19 | 3 | 12 | 53 | [85] | |
| Czech Rep | n = 1666, 41 ± 23 yo | 24 HDR | 14 | 16 | 4 | 10 | 44 | [85] | |
| Germany | n = 10,419, 41 ± 23 yo | 24 HDR | 33 | 27 | 3 | 19 | 82 | [85] | |
| Hungary | n = 1074, 41 ± 23 yo | Food record | 15 | 23 | 4 | 11 | 53 | [85] | |
| Ireland | n = 958, 41 ± 23 yo | Food record | 9 | 38 | 3 | 8 | 0.7 ± 1.8 | 58 | [85,94] |
| Netherlands | n = 750, 41 ± 23 yo; n = 4085, 48 ± 48 yo | 24 HDR; Food record | 11 | 31 | 2 | 18 | 0.9 ± 1.9 | 62 | [85,94] |
| UK | n = 309, 54 ± 20 yo | 24 HDR | 52.2 ± 2.5 | 6.7 ± 0.4 | 51.2 ± 3.7 | 110 ± 5 | [84] | ||
| UK | n = 1724, 41 ± 23 yo; n = 335, 52 ± 12 yo | Food record | 16 | 28 | 2 | 9 | 0.7 ± 1.0 | 55 | [85,94] |
| Central Europe | n = 12,679, 54 ± 20 yo | 24 HDR | 35.2 ± 0.4 | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 40.4 ± 0.6 | 81 ± 1 | [84] | ||
| France | n = 2278, 41± 23 yo | Food record | 28 | 18 | 7 | 10 | 63 | [85] | |
| Greece | n = 2687, 54 ± 20 yo; n = 200, 60 ± 10 yo | 24 HDR; FFQ | 13.2 | 4 to 18 | 0.8 to 6.4 | 28 to 43 | 0.7 | 52 | [84,97] |
| Italy | n = 1513 to 2313, 55 ± 37 yo | FFQ; Food record | 17–50 | 20–56 | 7–10 | 20–34 | 0.1–0.5 | 67–147 | [7,85,94] |
| Spain | n = 410, 41 ± 23 yo; n = 7200, 65 ± 15 yo | Food record; FFQ | 17 to 39 | 15 to 80 | 3 to 40 | 17 to 130 | <0.01 | 52 to 440 | [85,98] |
| South Europe | n = 11,285, 54 ± 20 yo | 24 HDR | 24.9 ± 0.4 | 5.6 ± 0.1 | 33.2 ± 0.6 | 64 ± 1 | [84] | ||
| Eastern Europe | n = 10,728, 57 ± 12 yo | FFQ e | 30 ± 93 | 106 ± 89 | 15.5 ± 11 | 104 ± 70 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 257 | [88] |
| US | n = 9801, ≥19 yo | 48 HDR | 11.5 ± 0.7 | 15.9 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 12.2 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 41.6 ± 0.4 | [90] |
| US | n = 8809, ≥19 yo; n = 17,900, ≥19 yo | 24 HDR | 3.1 to 10.0 | 12.9 to 19.0 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 13.8 to 22.5 | 1 to 2.6 | 32 to 55 | [82,89] |
| Mexico | n = 115, 315, ≥25 yo ♀ | FFQ | 18–30 | 10–14 | 8–12 | 32–60 | 0.5 | 188–270 | [99] |
| Brazil | n = 1103, ≥20 yo | 24 HDR; FFQ | 6.8 ± 1.1 | 14.6 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 0.3 | 16.1 ± 1.9 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 54.6 ± 3.5 | [100] |
| Japan | n = 115, 58 ± 10 yo | Food record; WI d | 16 to 37 | 0.3 to 18 | 10.2 to 48.6 | 47 to 95 | 88.9 | [91,92] | |
| Korea | n = 33,581, ≥19 yo | 24 HDR | 37.0 ± 1.3 | 64.6 ± 0.8 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 35.9 ± 2.2 | 57.5 ± 0.9 | 196 | [86] |
| China | n = 120, 15 ± 3 yo♀; n = 2239; 59 ± 3 yo♀ | 24 HDR, FFQ | 9.4 ± 7.9 | 15 to 25 | 0.9 to 6.5 | 0.3 to 25 | 12.1 ± 11.4 | 21 to 115 | [93,95] |
| Australia | n = 10,851, ≥19 yo | 24 HDR | 2.9 | 20.7 | 0.5 | 6.7 | 31 | [83] | |
a North Europe (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden); Central Europe (Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Netherlands, and UK); Eastern Europe (Poland); South Europe (Greece, France, Italy, and Spain); b 48 HRD: 48 hour diet recall; c 24 HRD: 24 hour diet recall; d WI: weighed intake; e FFQ: food frequency questionnaire; * Total flavonoid does not include flavan-3-ols.