. 2019 Jul 18;11(7):347. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070347

Table 1.

Examples of various types of delivery systems reported for vitamin D encapsulation for potential use in food and beverage fortification (VD2—vitamin D2, VD3—vitamin D3, MCT—medium chain triglycerides).

Delivery System	Active	Main Components	Technique/Method	Reference
O/W emulsions and microemulsions	VD2 VD3	Oil phase: Soybean oil, olive oil, or MCT; water phase containing Tween 20 or sodium cholate	Microchannel emulsification	[19]
	VD2 VD3	Oil phase: Soybean oil, olive oil, or MCT; water phase containing Tween 20	Rotor-stator and high-pressure homogenization	[36]
	VD3	Oil phase: MCT; water phase containing Tween 20, 60, or 80	High-speed blender and high-pressure homogenization	[30]
	VD2	Oil phase: Soybean oil; water phase containing modified lecithin, sodium caseinate, or decaglycerol monooleate	Rotor-stator and high-pressure homogenization	[37]
O/W nanoemulsions	VD3	Oil phase: MCT, corn oil, fish oil, mineral oil, or orange oil; water phase containing a natural surfactant	High-speed blender and high-pressure homogenization	[34]
O/W nanoemulsions	VD3	Oil phase: Fish oil; water phase containing Tween 20	Ultrasonication	[38]
Biopolymer-based nanoparticles	VD3	Zein nanoparticles coated with carboxymethyl chitosan	Phase separation method and coating by cross-linking with calcium	[32]
	VD2	Beta-lactoglobulin–sodium alginate complex	Electrostatic interactions	[39]
	VD3	High amylose corn starch	Ultrasonication	[40]
	VD3	Carboxymethyl chitosan–soy protein complex	Ionic gelation method	[41]
Lipid-based nanoparticles	VD2	Solid lipid nanoparticles (glyceryl tripalmitate) stabilized by Tween 20	Hot homogenization technique using a high-pressure homogenizer	[42]
	VD3	Nanostructured lipid carriers (solid lipids: Precirol or Compritol, liquid lipid: Miglyol or octyloctanoat, surfactants: Tween 80 or 20 or Poloxamer 407)	Hot homogenization method	[43]
	VD3	Nanostructured lipid carriers (glycerol monostearate as solid lipid, oleic acid as liquid lipid, and Tween 80)	Hot high-pressure homogenization	[44]
Micelles	VD3	Amphiphilic chitosan derivative of N,N-dimethylhexadecyl carboxymethyl chitosan	Synthesis	[45]
Liposomes	VD3	Soybean phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol	Thin film hydration-sonication technique	[46]
Microparticles	VD2	Medium molecular weight sodium alginate	Ultrasonic atomization and microwave stabilization	[47]