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. 2019 Jul 13;24(14):2556. doi: 10.3390/molecules24142556

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Schematic representation of the action of dietary polysaccharides on the insulin signaling pathway. Dietary polysaccharides elevate the cascade signaling of IRS/PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 and inhibit GSK3/GS, eventually stimulating the synthesis of glycogen. Akt is a main mediator to activate ERK/MAPK pathways and stimulate various physiological and biochemical mechanisms, including cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell endurance. IRS: insulin receptor substrate, PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PDK1/2: Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 and 2, AKT: serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, GSK-3: glycogen synthase kinase-3, GS: glycogen synthase, GLUT4: glucose transporter type 4, ERK: extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase.