ACC	acetyl-CoA carboxylase
ACE	angiotensin converting enzyme
AGEs	advanced glycation end products
Akt	serine/threonine-specific protein kinase
ALP	alkaline phosphatase
ALT	alanine transaminase
AMPK	serine/threonine protein kinase
AST	aspartate transaminase
Bax	BCL2 associated X protein
Bcl-2	B-cell lymphoma 2
BUN	blood urea nitrogen
CAT	catalase
CPT1	carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1
CRE	creatinine
CVD	cardiovascular diseases
CRP	c-reactive protein
eNOS	endothelial nitric oxide synthase
ERK	extracellular-signal-regulated kinase
FBG	fasting blood glucose
FFA	free fatty acids
GLP-1	glucagon-like peptide-1
GLUT4	glucose transporter 4
GSH-Px	glutathione peroxidase
GSH-R	glutathione reductase
GSK- 3	glycogen synthase kinase-3
HbA1c	glycated hemoglobin
HDL-C	high-density lipoprotein –C
HepG2	human liver cancer cell line
HFD	high-fat diet
IF-γ	interferon γ
IL	interleukin
IL-6	interleukin-6
InsR	insulin receptor
IPITT	Intraperitoneal Insulin Tolerance Test
IRS1	Insulin receptor substrate 1
IRS-1,2	insulin receptor-1,2
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinases
K	potassium
KDa	kilodaltons
LDL-C	low-density lipoprotein -C
LPO	lipid peroxidation
LPS	lipopolysaccharides
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinases
MCP-1	Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
MDA	malondialdehyde
mRNA	messenger RNA
MTT	3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium
Na	sodium
NAG	n-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase
NO	nitric oxide
OGTT	oral glucose tolerance test
OGTT	oral glucose tolerance test
PBG	postprandial glucose
PDX-1	insulin promoter factor 1
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-kinases
PK	pyruvate kinase
PKC	protein kinase C
PPAR-α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha
PYY	peptide YY hormone
SD	Sprague-Dawley
SOD	superoxide dismutase
SREBP-1c	sterol regulatory element binding protein -1c
SREBP-2	sterol regulatory element binding protein -2
STZ	streptozotocin
T2DM	T2DM
TC	total cholesterol
TG	triglycerides
TGF-β1	transforming growth factor-β1
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
UA	uric acid
γGT	gamma-glutamyltransferase