Table 2.
Unique and differentially expressed metabolites in the urine samples of 4NQO exposed rats fed the control diet, or diets supplemented with 5% or 10% BRB. Metabolites were identified by ‘Complex Mixture Analysis by NMR’ (COLMAR) followed by 2D 13C-1H HSQC NMR quantitative analysis. Metabolites with quantitative ratios listed were detected in at least two samples per group. Numbers represent the relative quantities of metabolites when compared to the 4NQO-exposed rat group that were fed a normal diet.
| Metabolite Groups | Metabolite | Treatment Groups | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal Diet | 10% BRB Diet | 5% BRB Diet | ||
| Unique Metabolites | 4-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid | *D | *ND | ND |
| Delta-Hexanolactone | ND | D | ND | |
| Quinone | ND | D | ND | |
| Hydroquinone | ND | D | ND | |
| 4-Aminohippuric acid | ND | ND | D | |
| Homovanillic acid | ND | D | D | |
| Hydroxyphenylacetylglycine | ND | D | D | |
| N-Acetylcysteine | ND | D | D | |
| Downregulated Metabolites | alpha-D-Glucose-6-phosphate | 1 | 0.7 | 0.48 |
| alpha-D-Glucose-1-phosphate | 1 | 0.68 | 0.57 | |
| N_methylnicotinamide | 1 | 0.67 | 0.64 | |
| Lactose | 1 | 0.63 | 0.67 | |
| Dihydrouracil | 1 | 0.62 | 0.68 | |
| Taurine | 1 | 0.61 | 0.67 | |
| D-Galactose | 1 | 0.57 | 0.56 | |
| D-Xylose | 1 | 0.49 | 0.52 | |
| Pyruvic acid | 1 | 0.47 | 0.42 | |
| Spermine | 1 | 0.23 | 0.34 | |
| Upregulated Metabolites | Alpha-Hydroxyhippuric acid | 1 | 5.25 | 1.86 |
| 3-Methyl-oxopentanoic acid | 1 | 3.73 | 1.54 | |
| Chitosan | 1 | 2.47 | 3.36 | |
| Pipecolic acid | 1 | 2.15 | 1.82 | |
| N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine-phosphate | 1 | 1.99 | 1.49 | |
| 3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxyphenylglycol-sulfate | 1 | 1.6 | 1.84 | |
| D-Glucuronic acid | 1 | 1.59 | 1.54 | |
| D-Sorbitol | 1 | 1.59 | 1.78 | |
| Myo-Inositol | 1 | 1.57 | 1.51 | |
| Stachyose | 1 | 1.53 | 1.83 | |
| DL-alpha-Glycerol-phosphate | 1 | 1.35 | 1.4 | |
*D (Detected in at least two samples of each group), *ND (Not detected in any of the five samples of each group).