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Diagram of the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the protective effect of carotenoids affecting different pathways. The red arrows denote blocked or decreased pathways, whereas the green arrows represent increased or promoted pathways. FA: fatty acids, TG: triglycerides, FFA: free fatty acids β-CAR: β-carotene, LYC: lycopene, LUT: lutein, β-CRIPX: β-cryptoxanthin, ZEA: zeaxanthin [19,110].
