Table 1.

Preclinical evidence of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Mastiha.

Reference	Experimental Design	Biomarker	Effect
Antioxidant Effects
[6]	Mononuclear cells under oxLDL-induced oxidative stress 2.7, 27 and 270 μg of the Folin Ciocalteau reactant substances in polar extract per mL of culture medium	Glutathione levels	↑
		CD36 expression	↓
[15]	Copper sulphate induced LDL oxidation Methanol/water or hexane extract from 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0 and 50.0mg Mastiha resin (normal and liquid type collections) and fractions (neutral fraction, acidic emulsion, acidic fractions)	Thiobarbituric acids reactant substances	↓
[16]	LPS-stimulated macrophages RAW264.7 Solid (0–100 μg/mL) and liquid (0–0.5%) types of Mastiha in culture medium	O2 radical scavenging	-
		OH radical scavenging	↓
		NO and prostaglandin E2	↓
		Inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2	↓
[17]	Carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats Mastiha at 200–800 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally 1 h before carrageenan injection	NO	↓
		1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging	↓
		Carrageenan induced edema	↓
[18]	TNF-α stimulated smooth muscle cells, angiotensin II stimulated endothelial cells Mastiha resin at 0.1–10 μg/mL	Superoxide and H2O2	↓
		NADPH oxidase activity	↓
[20]	Experimental ischemia/reperfusion in normal-fed rabbits 46 mg/kg−1/day of Mastiha total extract without polymer or the neutral Mastiha fraction in the form of sunflower oil solution orally administered with habitual diet for 6 weeks	Malonaldehyde	↓
[20]	Experimental atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits 46 mg/kg−1/day of Mastiha total extract without polymer or the neutral Mastiha fraction in the form of sunflower oil solution orally administered with cholesterol enriched diet for 6 weeks	Malonaldehyde	-
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
[2]	Pull-down experiments with Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein and neutrophils 5 g Mastiha mixed with 0.1 mol/L NaCl, 20 mmol/L Tris–HCl to extract arabinogalactan proteins	Neutrophils activation	↓
[7]	Experimental TNBS-colitis in rats 50–300 mg kg−1/day Mastiha administered orally for 3 days	TNF-α, ICAM-1, IL-6, IL-8 in colonic tissue	↓
		Colonic damage	↓
[31]	TNF-α stimulated human aortic endothelial cells 25–200 μg/mL (for Mastiha extract) and 1–100 μM (for tirucallol)	VCAM-1 expression	↓
		ICAM-1 expression	↓
		Phosphorylation of NF-κB p65	↓
		Binding of U937 cells	↓
[32]	OVA induced allergic asthma in mice 50 or 100 mg kg−1 dissolved in 1% DMSO in saline administered intraperitoneally 4 h before challenge	Number of infiltrating eosinophils	↓
		IL-5, IL-13, eotaxin, eotaxin2 levels in BALF	↓
		Eotaxin-induced eosinophil chemotaxis	↓
[33]	Co-cultured human colon epithelial HT29 cells and monocytes/macrophages Mastiha at 0–150 ng/mL culture medium or respective Acidic or Neutral fraction	Expression of IL-8 and NF-κB p65	↓
		LDH release from the HT29 cell monolayer	↓
[33]	Experimental TNBS-colitis in rats 100 mg kg−1/ day of Mastiha or respective Acidic or Neutral fraction administered orally for 3 days	TNF-a, ICAM-1, IL-6, IL-8 in colonic tissue	↓
		Colonic damage	↓
[34]	Experimental hypertension in rats Mastiha administered at 40 mg kg−1/day per os for 2 weeks	CRP, IL-6	↓

(↑) indicates decrease, (↑) indicates increase and (-) indicates no effect.