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. 2019 Jul 4;12(5):993–1002. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.13452

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© 2019 The Authors. Microbial Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Society for Applied Microbiology.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Redirection for the production of multiple individual pigments.

A: Chemical structures of the betalains produced in this study. From left to right: indicaxanthin, dopaxanthin, phenylalanine‐betaxanthin, phenylethylamine‐betaxanthin, indoline carboxylic acid‐betacyanin and indoline‐betacyanin.

B. 100‐ml cultures of Escherichia coli expressing 4,5‐DODA in the production of the individual molecules shown above.

C,D. Scaled‐up synthesis of phenylethylamine‐betaxanthin (C) and indoline‐betacyanin (D) in bioreactors with a volume of 2L.