Characterization of the Buccula, Rostrum, Stridulatory Sulcus, Scutellum, and External Female Genitalia of Triatoma carcavalloi (Jurberg, Rocha & Lent, 1998), Triatoma circummaculata (Stål, 1859), and Triatoma rubrovaria (Blanchard, 1843) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)

Abstract

In Brazil, Triatoma rubrovaria (Blanchard, 1843) is the most important species in epidemiological terms in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, due to its wide geographical distribution in this state, followed by T. carcavalloi (Jurberg, Rocha & Lent, 1998) and T. circummaculata (Stål, 1859). Structural analysis of the ventral region of the head (rostrum and buccula), thorax (stridulatorium sulcus and scutellum), and external female genitalia of adults of T. rubrovaria, T. carcavalloi, and T. circummaculata is described here. Scutellum, head, rostrum, and part of the thorax (prosternum) containing the stridulatory sulcus, in both male and female, and the sixth abdominal segment of the female, containing the external genitalia, were processed for scanning electron microscopy studies as routine. Morphological differences in the analyzed structures for all the three Triatoma species studied were detected under scanning electron microscopy. This study confirms the grouping of the T. rubrovaria, T. carcavalloi, and T. circummaculata in ‘T. rubrovaria subcomplex' by their morphological similarities.

1. Introduction

Chagas disease is a parasitic, systemic, and chronic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae), with risk factors strongly associated with low socioeconomic factors, besides being considered a neglected and endemic tropical disease in 21 countries of the Americas. This disease is mainly transmitted through the feces of triatomines. These insects have, as main biological characteristic, hematophagy in all phases of nymph and adult [1].

Currently, the subfamily Triatominae is composed of 154 species [2–7], which are all potential transmitters of Chagas disease. In Brazil, T. rubrovaria (Blanchard, 1843) is the most important species in epidemiological terms in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, due to its wide geographical distribution in this state, followed by Triatoma carcavalloi (Jurberg, Rocha & Lent, 1998) and Triatoma circummaculata (Stål, 1859). These species have wild habits, live in sympatry, and invade the human home frequently, due to changes in environments produced by anthropic activities, as well as the elimination of Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834) from the domicile leaving available niche [8, 9].

The taxonomy of Triatominae is based on the external morphological characters and indicated the importance of the stridulatory sulcus, which varies in the form, length, number, and space of the sulcus [10, 11]. The importance of the rostrum in this subfamily has been underlined since the 1920s [12].

In cytogenetic, molecular, and morphometric analyses of the head, including the antennas, thorax, and abdomen, it was demonstrated that it is possible to distinguish completely between T. maculata (Erichson, 1848), T. pseudomaculata (Corrêa & Espínola, 1964), and T. arthurneivai (Lent & Martins, 1940), with the evolutionary relation of the first species, in relation to the last ones, being questioned [13–15]. Isoenzymatic and chromatic results corroborate each other and favor the hypothesis of a distinct and isolated population T. rubrovaria [16]. Study of the female genitalia by scanning microscopy showed that the description of such characters may be valuable for a definition of more specific species, contributing to the phylogenetic and taxonomic study in subfamily Triatominae [17].

Triatoma (Laporte, 1832) genus presents specific patterns in scutellum, not only in shape and length, but also in the cuticular structure, central depressions, projections, and processes that allow its use in species differentiation [18]. The use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has helped to clarify many studies on external morphology in triatomines: details on the morphology of abdominal bristles [19]; shape and proportions of scutellum in T. ryckmani Zeledón & Ponce, 1972 [20]; characterization the scutellum of T. guazu Lent & Wygodzinsky, 1979 [21] and other eight species of the Triatoma [22] and six Meccus Stål, 1859, species [23]; and important contributions for the study of nymphs [24].

In the last years, the external genitalia of females have been studied in more detail with the use of SEM. The use of this tool made it possible to characterize several species of the subfamily Triatominae [17, 25–29]. This is the first morphological description of the buccula, rostrum, stridulatory sulcus, scutellum, and external female genitalia in adults of T. rubrovaria, T. carcavalloi, and T. circummaculata using SEM, showing clear distinctions in relation to those characters.

2. Materials and Methods

The thirty specimens (five males and five females of each species) were obtained from colonies started with specimens collected in the field and domiciliary of the municipality of Encruzilhada do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) (30°32′38′′S; 52°31′19′′O), and maintained at 26°C and 70% RH (relative humidity) at the Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro.

For the ultrastructural analysis, we separated the scutellum, the head, the rostrum, and part of the thorax (prosternum) containing the stridulatory sulcus, in both male and female, and the sixth abdominal segment of the female, containing the external genitalia. These structures were washed in distilled water and dehydrated in increasing alcoholic series at the concentrations of 7.5%, 15%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, and (3 times for) 100% by immersion for 10 minutes at each concentration.

The structures were mounted in aluminium stubs adhered to an adhesive double-sided tape and left in the incubator at 60°C for 2 hours for drying and in a desiccator containing silica gel until metallization. The structures after drying were pulverized with gold and later and the analysis was performed by the Scanning Electron Microscope JEOL 6390LV of the Electron Microscopy Platform, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ.

3. Results and Discussion

Until the 1960s, the taxonomy of triatomines was used as basic criterion for external and chromatic morphological characters, but during the last decade, SEM has been used as an important tool for Triatominae systematics, justifying the status of cryptic species and their complexes [11, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31].

3.1. Buccula, Rostrum, and Stridulatory Sulcus

The buccula of the T. carcavalloi (Figure 1(a)), T. circummaculata (Figure 1(b)), and T. rubrovaria (Figure 1(c)) is located in the posterior region of the rostrum, with a thick edge on the anterior region and granular surface. In the three species, the anterior region shows accentuated pleats in both females and males. The buccula of the T. carcavalloi (Figure 1(a)) and T. rubrovaria (Figure 1(c)) is U-shaped, while that of T. circummaculata is V-shaped (Figure 1(b)); it can thus be considered a character used as a diagnosis to differentiate this species from the others of the ‘T. rubrovaria subcomplex' [11]. The buccula form seems to be the same among the triatomines already studied, since T. klugi and T. vandae [32], T. guazu and T. jurbergi [30] presented the U-shaped, according to the T. carcavalloi and T. rubrovaria observed in our studies.

Figure 1.

Micrography of the buccula. (a) Triatoma carcavalloi male (U-shaped). (b) Triatoma circummaculata male (V-shaped). (c) Triatoma rubrovaria male (U-shaped). Rift (arrow head).

In T. carcavalloi and T. rubrovaria, the internal area of the central region presented a rift which can be considered as characteristic of sexual dimorphism, since it is only present in the females and absent in males (Figures 1(a) and 1(c)) [11]. In T. circummaculata, a rift is present in females and males (Figure 1(b)).

The rostrum is similar in both sexes in the three species. The apical plate has a lozenge formed inferior lamella and the superior one has a digit form. Two lateral rifts 1+1 were observed at the apex of the rostrum (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Micrography of the apex rostrum male. (a) Triatoma carcavalloi. (b) Triatoma circummaculata. (c) Triatoma rubrovaria.

The stridulatory sulcus of the T. carcavalloi and T. rubrovaria is V-shaped (Figures 3(a) and 3(c), respectively) and that of T. circummaculata is U-shaped (Figure 3(b)). In the three species, the posterior edge and the acetabulum cavity present depression in the central region, with marked parallel striae delimited by sensillae. This structure is larger in females than males.

Figure 3.

Micrography of the stridulatory sulcus. (a) Triatoma carcavalloi male (V-shaped). (b) Triatoma circummaculata female (U-shaped). (c) Triatoma rubrovaria male (V-shaped).

The stridulatory sulcus is an important structure in the identification of the specie [10, 11]. This structure was appropriate to separating the species of T. maculata and T. pseudomaculata [33]. In a study of the T. williami and T. klugi, nymphs of 3rd instar differ on ornamentation and quantity of rifts in the internal central area of the stridulatory sulcus [32]. In our studies, the stridulatory sulcus can also be used to separate T. carcavalloi, T. circummaculata, and T. rubrovaria species.

3.2. Scutellum

The scutellum of the three species had a triangular shape with sensilla distribution (Figure 4). The lateral edges are heavily sculpted and irregular (Figure 4). The shapes of central depression in T. carcavalloi and T. rubrovaria are similar, being W-shaped (Figures 4(a) and 4(c)). Already T. circummaculata is cordiform (heart-shaped) (Figure 4(b)). In T. rubrovaria, the posterior process scutellum is cylindrical and shorter than in T. carcavalloi and T. circummaculata and presents transverse striations (Figure 4(c)). Comparing our results with those obtained by Obara et al. [22], we find that the scutellum of T. vandae is very similar to that of T. carcavalloi, differing only in the arrangement of the sensillae of the posterior process. T. carcavalloi does not present sensilla in the central region.

Figure 4.

Micrography of the scutellum female. (a) Triatoma carcavalloi. (b) Triatoma circummaculata. (c) Triatoma rubrovaria. CD: central depression. LE: lateral edges. PP: posterior process of scutellum.

A morphological analysis of the scutellum of eight species belonging to the genus Triatoma revealed important characteristics, especially the form of central depression and the posterior scutellar process [22]. Of all the species studied, four presented the form of cordiform central depression. This form appears to be a generic characteristic of this group, which agrees with literature data, as most species analyzed so far exhibit this pattern. However, some exceptions have been found, such as in T. tibiamaculata, T. eratyrusiformis, and T. sherlocki [22]. In our studies we performed a morphological study of the scutellum of T. carcavalloi, T. circummaculata, and T. rubrovaria. Of these three species only one presented the cordiform form, T. circummaculata (which can be used to differentiate it from the ‘T. rubrovaria subcomplex' species) [Table 1]. In addition, we can differentiate the forms of the scutellar regions and greater or lesser concentration of sensilla proving to be taxonomically important.

Table 1.

Characterization of the buccula, rostrum, stridulatory sulcus, scutellum, and female genital of Triatoma species studied.

Species	Structures
	Buccula	Rostrum	Stridulatory sulcus	Scutellum	Female genital
T. carcavalloi	U-shaped	Two lateral rifts 1+1	V-shaped	W-shaped	Smaller curvature (VII sternite and VIII gonocoxite)
T. circummaculata	V-shaped	Two lateral rifts 1+1	U-shaped	Cordiform	Smaller curvature (VII sternite and VIII gonocoxite)
T. rubrovaria	U-shaped	Two lateral rifts 1+1	V-shaped	W-shaped	Greater curvature (VII sternite and VIII gonocoxite)
T. costalimai [22]	-	-	-	Cordiform	-
T. delpontei [22]	-	-	-	Cordiform	-
T. infestans [22]	-	-	-	Cordiform	-
T. guazu [30]	U-shaped	-	-	-	-
T. jurbergi [30]	U-shaped	-	-	-	-
T. klugi [32]	U-shaped	Two lateral rifts 1+1	V-shaped	-	-
T. vandae [22, 32]	U-shaped	Two lateral rifts 1+1	V-shaped	Cordiform	-
T. williami [32]	U-shaped	Two lateral rifts 1+1	V-shaped	-	-
T. maculata  [33]	-	-	V-shaped	-	-
T. pseudomaculata  [33]	-	-	V-shaped	-	-

3.3. Female External Genitalia

In ventral side the line separating the VII sternite and the pair of VIII gonocoxites has greater curvature in T. rubrovaria than in T. carcavalloi and T. circummaculata (Figure 5). In the three species, the VIII gonocoxites are large and have a subtriangular shape, and are wider and long in T. carcavalloi and T. rubrovaria (Figures 5(a) and 5(c), respectively) than T. circummaculata (Figure 5(b)). The base of VIII gonapophyses of T. carcavalloi presents a triangular shape, which differs from T. circummaculata and T. rubrovaria which are more extended. There is a difference in the length of the VIII gonapophyses of these three species; in T. circummaculata it is much smaller. The lateral expansions of IX sternite are perceptible in all three species and follow the same format as the VIII gonocoxites (Figure 5).

Figure 5.

Ventral view of external female genitalia. (a) Triatoma carcavalloi. (b) Triatoma circummaculata. (c) Triatoma rubrovaria. Gc8: gonocoxite 8. Gp8: gonapophyses 8. VII: sternite 7: IX: sternite 9. Line separating the VII sternite and the pair of VIII gonocoxites (arrow).

The study of the external morphology of females in triatomines was reevaluated, when it verified the relevant taxonomic differences in the genitalia of the females through scanning electron microscopy, which allowed the differentiation of the species of the genera Panstrongylus, Rhodnius, and Triatoma as well as the taxonomic identification of 12 species of Rhodnius, whose identification by general external morphology causes doubts [17]. In this work, the use of the same methodology also allowed the separation between T. carcavalloi, T. circummaculata, and T. rubrovaria species that live in the same ecotype and are very morphologically similar.

In the three species, the base of VIII gonapophyses shows short and smooth bristles, whereas in the other segments of the genitalia, long and fluted bristles are seen (Figures 6(a) and 6(b)), but only in T. rubrovaria, besides the bristles are seen cuticular structures similar to spines (Figures 6(b) and 6(c)).

Figure 6.

(a) VIII gonapophyses of the Triatoma carcavalloi with short bristles (SB) and long bristles (LB). (b) Short bristles (SB) and cuticular structures similar to spines (arrowhead) in VIII gonapophyses of the Triatoma circummaculata. (c) Cuticular structures similar to spines (arrowhead) in VIII gonapophyses of the Triatoma rubrovaria.

These results reinforce the status of T. carcavalloi, T. circummaculata, and T. rubrovaria in the ‘T. rubrovaria subcomplex', conceptualize the morphological differences of these species, and contribute to an earlier diagnosis in the endemic areas of Chagas disease in Rio Grande do Sul.

Data Availability

The main part of the data generated or analyzed during this study is included in this published article. Other data will be available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.