Table 2.
Age-adjusted Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) for Experiences of Institutional Racism/Daily Racism and Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration
| Breastfeeding Initiation (N=2705) | Breastfeeding Duration (N=2172) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No N (%) | Yes N (%) | Age Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Multivariate3 OR (95% CI) | ≤ 3 months N (%) | 3–5 months N (%) | ≥6 months N (%) | 3–5 vs. ≤ 3, Age Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 3–5 vs. ≤ 3, Multivariate3 OR (95% CI) | ≥6 vs. ≤ 3, Age Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ≥6 vs. ≤ 3, Multivariate3 OR (95% CI) | |
| Institutional Racism | |||||||||||
| Job: | |||||||||||
| No | 232 (46.9) | 1089 (50.1) | Reference | Reference | 257 (48.0) | 280 (55.0) | 540 (49.4) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 263 (53.1) | 1084 (49.9) | 0.88 [0.72, 1.07] | 0.91 [ 0.74, 1.11] | 278 (52.0) | 229 (45.0) | 553 (50.6) | 0.75 [0.58, 0.95] | 0.77 [0.60, 0.99] | 0.92 [0.75, 1.14] | 1.02 [0.82, 1.27] |
| Housing: | |||||||||||
| No | 380 (77.1) | 1570 (72.5) | Reference | Reference | 386 (72.8) | 383 (75.1) | 776 (71.1) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 113 (22.9) | 597 (27.6) | 1.28 [1.02, 1.61] | 1.14 [0.90, 1.45] | 144 (27.2) | 127 (24.9) | 316 (28.9) | 0.88 [0.67, 1.17] | 0.86 [0.64, 1.14] | 1.07 [0.85, 1.35] | 0.97 [0.76, 1.24] |
| Police: | |||||||||||
| No | 389 (78.7) | 1586 (72.9) | Reference | Reference | 412 (77.0) | 365 (71.9) | 782 (71.3) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 105 (21.3) | 589 (27.1) | 1.38 [1.09, 1.74] | 1.41 [1.10, 1.80] | 123 (23.0) | 143 (28.2) | 315 (28.7) | 1.31 [0.99, 1.74] | 1.34 [1.01, 1.77] | 1.35 [1.06, 1.71] | 1.41 [1.10, 1.82] |
| Institutional Racism Summary 1 | |||||||||||
| 0 | 176 (35.8) | 739 (34.4) | Reference | Reference | 180 (34.3) | 194 (38.6) | 355 (32.8) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1 | 187 (38.0) | 766 (35.7) | 0.98 [0.78, 1.23] | 0.97 [0.77, 1.24] | 195 (37.1) | 169 (33.6) | 388 (35.8) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.07) | 0.81 [0.61, 1.09] | 1.01 (0.79, 1.29) | 1.02 [0.79, 1.33] |
| 2+ | 129 (26.2) | 642 (29.9) | 1.19 [0.92, 1.53] | 1.13 [0.87, 1.47] | 150 (28.6) | 140 (27.8) | 341 (31.5) | 0.86 (0.63, 1.17) | 0.87 [0.63, 1.18] | 1.12 (0.86, 1.46) | 1.15 [0.88, 1.52] |
| Daily Racism Summary 2 | |||||||||||
| 1 | 138 (28.3) | 557 (25.9) | Reference | Reference | 141 (26.6) | 122 (24.3) | 286 (26.3) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 2 | 148 (30.4) | 661 (30.7) | 1.11 [0.86, 1.43] | 1.13 [0.87, 1.48] | 157 (29.6) | 159 (31.7) | 334 (30.8) | 1.17 [0.84, 1.63] | 1.18 [0.85, 1.65] | 1.05 [0.80, 1.39] | 1.07 [0.80, 1.43] |
| 3 | 101 (20.7) | 480 (22.3) | 1.18 [0.89, 1.56] | 1.23 [0.91, 1.65] | 122 (23.0) | 117 (23.3) | 229 (21.1) | 1.23 [0.79, 1.59] | 1.16 [0.81, 1.65] | 0.95 [0.70, 1.28] | 1.03 [0.75, 1.41] |
| 4 | 100 (20.5) | 455 (21.1) | 1.13 [0.85, 1.50] | 1.23 [0.91, 1.66] | 110 (20.8) | 104 (20.7) | 237 (21.8) | 1.10 [0.77, 1.58] | 1.13 [0.78, 1.63] | 1.08 [0.80, 1.46] | 1.11 [0.81, 1.53] |
1
# times respondents answered “yes.” (2+ indicates highest level of exposure to institutional racism)
2
Responses to the 5 daily questions were averaged for each participant and then divided by quartiles. (4 indicates highest level of exposure to daily racism)
3
Adjusted for age, BMI, years of education, marital status, geographic region, neighborhood SES, Occupation