Fig. 1.
Phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes are stimulated by different classes of cell-surface receptors through intracellular effectors, including those from the protein kinase C (PKC), Rho GTPase, and Arf GTPase families, to catalyze phosphatidic acid (PA) formation at different intracellular membrane locations. R and R′ denote the fatty acyl tails.