Table 3.
Consequences of early life seizures as a function of sex in induced rodent models of seizures.
| Endpoint | Model | Species, Region | Age at seizures | Observation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seizure susceptibility and induced mortality | Picrotoxin seizures | CBA/HZgr mice | PN20, 2.5–3 mo, 2 yrs |
Seizure occurrence,
mortality F=M: PN20, 2 yrs F<M: 2.5–3 mo |
(Manev et al., 1987) |
| Bicuculline seizures | CBA/HZgr mice | PN20, 2.5–3 mo, 2 yrs |
Seizure occurrence,
mortality F=M PN20, 2 yrs F<M: 2.5–3 mo: (mortality) |
(Manev et al., 1987) | |
| 3KA-SE | Sprague-Dawley Rat, CA1 | PN4–6 | F=M: Latency to seizure onset | (Galanopoulou, 2008a) | |
| Kindling (left CA1) | Sprague-Dawley Rat | PN14–15 | F=M: kindling parameters | (Young et al., 2006) | |
| DG Neurogenesis | Hyperthermic seizure | Sprague-Dawley Rat, DG | PN10 | F: no effect M: Increased survival of BrdU-positive DG cells by PN66; |
(Lemmens et al., 2005) |
| GABAergic system | 3KA-SE | Sprague-Dawley Rat, CA1 | PN4–6 | F: no change in KCC2; increased NKCC1
activity; EGABA : depolarizing shift 4 days post-SE
(transient) M: increased KCC2; decreased NKCC1 activity; EGABA : hyperpolarizing shift 4 days post-SE |
(Galanopoulou, 2008a) |
| 3KA-SE | Sprague-Dawley Rat, SNR | PN4–6 | M, F: increased KCC2; EGABA : hyperpolarizing shift | (Kyrozis et al., 2003) | |
| Domoic acid (unknown if seizures occurred) | Sprague-Dawley Rat, hippocampus | PN8–14 (daily inj) | M: reduced PRV counts in mid-DG and CA3;
reduced GAD counts in CA3 ventral (PN90) F: no change in PRV; reduced GAD in DG ventral (PN90) |
(Gill et al., 2010) | |
| Cholinergic system (Muscarinic receptors) | Pentylenetetr azole seizure | Sprague-Dawley rat, cortex (cingulate, parietal) and hippocampus | PN20 |
Controls
(adult): F<M: M1 receptor binding: (CA1) F<M: M3 mRNA F>M: [35S]GTPγS incorporation Early PTZ seizures (adult): F>M: [35S]GTPγS incorporation: (cingulate, parietal cortex) |
(Potier et al., 2005) |
| Other neurotransmitter systems | Domoic acid (unknown if seizures occurred) | Sprague-Dawley Rat, hippocampus | PN8–14 (daily inj) |
Adrenergic receptors
(adult): F: no change M: elevated α2A and α2C Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR, adult): F: no change M: elevated |
(Gill et al., 2012) |
| Estradiol neuroprotection | Kainic acid (unknown if seizures occurred) | Sprague-Dawley Rat, hippocampus | PN0–1 | F: estradiol protected from KA-induced
neuronal loss (PN7) M: no effect of estradiol |
(Hilton et al., 2003) |
| Gabapentin effects | Acute ischemic seizures | CD1 mice | PN12 | F<M: Seizure and injury reduction | (Traa et al., 2008) |
| Learning | 3KA-SE | Sprague-Dawley Rat | PN4–6 |
Barnes maze
(PN16–19)) F: no effect M: learning delay (PN16–19) |
(Akman et al., 2014) |
| Domoic acid (unknown if seizures occurred) | Sprague-Dawley Rat, hippocampus | PN8–14 (daily inj) |
Morris water maze or Water
H-maze (adult) M: delayed latencies F: no effect |
(Gill et al., 2012) | |
| Social behavior, anxiety | Pilocarpine | Wistar Rat | PN9 | M: less attack and defensive play behaviors than F | (Castelhano et al., 2010) |
| Locomotor activity | Pilocarpine | Wistar Rat | PN9 | F=M: reduced after PN30 | (Castelhano et al., 2010) |
| Hippocampal sclerosis | Intrahippocampal KA-SE | Sprague-Dawley Rat, hippocampus | PN10 | F=M: Hippocampal sclerosis (PN55) | (Dunleavy et al., 2010) |
| Subsequent seizure susceptibility | 3KA-SE | Sprague-Dawley Rat | PN4–6 | M, F: no change in flurothyl seizure thresholds (PN32) | (Akman et al., 2014) |
| Adult epilepsy | Two-hit model of MTLE | Sprague-Dawley Rat, | PN1: freeze-lesion; PN10: hyperthermic seizures | M: Epilepsy after PN90 F: No epilepsy |
(Desgent et al., 2012) |
Abbreviations: DG: dentate gyrus; GAD: glutamic acid decarboxylase; F: females; PN: post-natal; GABA: gamma-aminobutyric acid; KA-SE: kainic acid induced SE; KCC2: potassium/chloride co-transporter 2; M: males; M1 and M3: muscarinic receptors; MR: mineralocorticoid receptor; MTLE: mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE); NKCC1: sodium/potassium/chloride co-transporter 1; PRV: parvalbumin; SE: status epilepticus; TLE: temporal lobe epilepsy.