Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the two groups.
| Characteristic | Control (n=47) | Intervention (n=44) | P value |
| Age in years, median (IQR)a | 68.04 (66-72) | 67.9 (66-71) | .85 |
| Gender, male, n (%) | 18 (38) | 19 (43) | —b |
| Diabetes mellitus, duration in years, mean (SD) | 11.52 (7.73) | 11.19 (6.39) | .80 |
| FBGc (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 7.78 (1.85) | 8.0 (2.54) | .41 |
| PBGd (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 12.44 (3.37) | 13.10 (4.13) | .46 |
| HbA1ce (%), mean (SD) | 7.88 (0.64) | 7.84 (0.73) | .53 |
| TCf (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 4.92 (1.24) | 5.00 (0.97) | .76 |
| TGg (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 2.31 (1.85) | 2.41 (1.82) | .80 |
| HDL-Ch (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.21 (1.05-1.40) | 1.09 (0.85-1.25) | .28 |
| LDL-Ci (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 2.86 (2.28-3.67) | 2.92 (2.37-3.29) | .84 |
| BUNj (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 5.79 (4.76-6.69) | 5.62 (5.13-7.05) | .39 |
| Crk (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 59.1 (52.58-69.98) | 65.05 (54.28-76.58) | .26 |
| ASTl (U/L), median (IQR) | 21.00 (17.50-24.00) | 21.30 (17.75-24.25) | .53 |
| ALTm (U/L), median (IQR) | 20.00 (13.00-32.25) | 20.50 (14.70-30.00) | .83 |
| r-GTn (U/L), median (IQR) | 20.00 (16.00-26.75) | 24.5 (19.00-36.00) | .80 |
| Body mass index, median (IQR) | 23.30 (21.93-25.88) | 23.60 (22.48-26.38) | .63 |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg), systolic, mean (SD) | 136.04 (19.37) | 132.55 (11.82) | .55 |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg), diastolic, median (IQR) | 80.00 (73.50-90.00) | 83.00 (74.00-87.75) | .99 |
aIQR: interquartile range.
bIndicates a range of values.
cFBG: fasting blood glucose.
dPBG: postprandial blood glucose.
eHbA1c: glycated hemoglobin.
fTC: total cholesterol.
gTG: triglyceride.
hHDL-C: high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol.
iLDL-C: low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol.
jBUN: blood urea nitrogen.
kCr: creatinine.
lAST: aspertate aminotransferase.
mALT: alanine aminotransferase.
nr-GT: r-glutamyltransferase.