Table 2.

Predictors of cognitive change and conversion to MCI and dementia

Category	Predictor	Rate of Cognitive Change		Conversion from NC to MCI		Conversion from NC or MCI to Dementia
		GP	PD	GP	PD	GP	PD
Demographic	Age	[75–77, 125]		[53]		[54, 61, 95, 126, 127]	[128–133]
	Male gender	[134]			[57]	[135]	[136]
	Female gender					[126, 137–139]
	Education			[140]	[100]		[132, 136, 141]
Medical	Vascular risk	[78]				[126, 142]
	CAD	[143]
	Head injury	[144]	[103]			[96, 97]
	Diabetes Mellitus		[107]			[98, 126, 145, 146]
	Hypertension		[105]			[99]
	Estrogen replacement					[147–149]	[150]
	Hyperlipidemia					[126]
Blood Markers	Serum	[80]	[106]
	Homocysteine	[82]				[137, 151–153]	[154]
	Plasma β-amyloid					[155, 156]
	Plasma clusterin					[157, 158]
	Plasma factor I					[157]
	Serum miR-206					[159]
	Terminal complement complex					[157]
Genetic	APOE E4	[76, 79, 83, 84]	[101]			[160, 161]
	COMT	[81]	[101]	[162]
	MAPT H1 haplotype						[163, 164]
	GBA mutation						[136, 165, 166]
Physical	Gait Speed			[167]
	Body Mass Index			[168, 169]		[168]
Sensory	Olfactory deficits	[170]	[104]	[91]	[104]	[95, 171, 172]	[173]
	Hearing loss			[92]
Psychiatric	Depressive Symptoms	[174]		[90]	[57]	[127, 175]	[136]
	Psychotic Symptoms	[176]					[177]
	Thought Disorder		[101]
	Personality			[89]
	Visual Hallucinations						[66]
	Excessive Daytime Sleepiness						[132]
Cognition	Memory complaints	[79]		[178]	[179]
	Memory			[86, 88]	[57]	[52, 180–182]	[62] [183–185]
	Executive Function			[85, 86, 186]	[57]	[94]	[128, 183, 187–190]
	Language			[85, 88]	[191]	[52, 60]	[62]
	Visuospatial Function			[87, 192]	[57]	[52, 94]	[56, 62, 128]
	Attention			[88]
	Global Cognition					[60, 171, 193] [95]	[136]
	Clock Drawing					[193, 194]
	Processing Speed						[56]
Neuroimaging	Brain volume			[53]
Function	CDR Score	[76]
	Everyday Function			[53, 195–197]		[61, 160]
	IADLS					[198]
Family History	Dementia	[76]
Lifestyle	Lifestyle engagement	[199]
	Social engagement		[104]				[141]
	Physical Activity			[93]		[137, 200–202]
	Dietary					[125, 200, 203, 204]
	Tobacco Use					[126] [137]	[205]
	Alcohol Use					[126]
	NSAID Use					[206]
Ascertainment Method	Clinic-based			[53]
Disease Specific	Levodopa dosage		[101]				[132]
	Changes in gait	NA	[207]
	REM SBD		[102]
	Disease duration				[57]
	UPDRS Score				[57]		[131, 136]
	Hoehn and Yahr Stage				[57, 100]		[100]
	Age of onset					[136, 141, 183]
	Motor						Motor symptoms [133, 183] Motor phenotype (non-tremor-dominant phenotype) [66, 128, 208]

GP = general population. MCI = mild cognitive impairment. NC = normal cognition. PD = Parkinson’s disease. CAD = Coronary artery disease. APOE = Apolipoprotein E. COMT = Catechol-O-methyltransferase. MAPT = microtubule-associated protein tau. GBA = glucocerebrosidase. CDR = Clinical Dementia Rating. IADLS = Instrumental Activities for Daily Living. NSAID = Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. REM SMD = Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. UPDRS = Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale.