3.

Flow diagram showing study selection, by setting.

Reasons for exclusion:

Not a DTA study 12; Mild cognitive impairment given as outcome 9; Not a MoCA study 6; Selected secondary care 84 (vascular dementia 31; Huntington's dementia 10; diabetes cohort 1; Parkinson's disease 41; nursing home cohort 1); Delayed‐verification 1; No dementia outcome 29; Reference standard not explicit 3; No normal controls 2; Duplicated data (abstract) 14; Case control design 11; Insufficient DTA data reported 1. Excluded studies that were considered in detail (including contact with authors) are fully referenced (n = 14).