Table 2. Novel metabolites achieving significance in BHS participants.

Super Pathway	Sub Pathway	Metabolite	BHS Sample	ES	SE	P
Global Cognition
Carbohydrate	Glycogen Metabolism	Maltose1	Overall	-0.67	0.15	9.77E-06
			White Male	-0.65	0.25	9.66E-03
			White Female	-1.01	0.31	1.12E-03
			Black Male	-0.47	0.35	1.76E-01
			Black Female	-0.07	0.38	8.60E-01
Processing Speed
Amino Acid	Polyamine Metabolism	N-acetyl-isoputreanine*2	Overall	-3.11	0.70	1.03E-05
			White Male	-0.95	1.23	4.41E-01
			White Female	-3.66	1.32	5.71E-03
			Black Male	-2.47	1.55	1.15E-01
			Black Female	-4.82	1.85	9.77E-03
Lipid	Fatty Acid, Monohydroxy	9-hydroxystearate2	Overall	-2.79	0.63	1.11E-05
			White Male	-1.44	1.17	2.18E-01
			White Female	-2.35	0.99	1.82E-02
			Black Male	-3.61	1.76	4.23E-02
			Black Female	-5.06	1.69	2.98E-03
Nucleotide	Purine Metabolism, Guanine containing	7-methylguanine2	Overall	-9.46	2.15	1.19E-05
			White Male	-9.14	3.78	1.61E-02
			White Female	-10.55	3.91	7.18E-03
			Black Male	-8.42	5.29	1.14E-01
			Black Female	-5.89	5.12	2.51E-01
Lipid	Primary Bile Acid Metabolism	Glyco-alpha-muricholate**3	Overall	0.01	0.0032	4.10E-05
			White Male	0.01	0.0045	1.58E-02
			White Female	0.02	0.01	1.27E-03
			Black Male	0.01	0.01	1.54E-01
			Black Female	0.01	0.01	2.19E-01

ES=Effect size; SE=Standard error. Adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, cigarette smoking, drinking, education, depression, vocabulary, BMI, SBP, LDL-C and glucose.

* Indicates compounds that have not been officially confirmed based on a standard, but we are confident in its identity.

** Indicates a compound for which a standard is not available, but we are reasonably confident in its identity.

1. Associated with global cognition score.

2. Associated with digit coding test.

3. Associated with trail making test A.