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. 2019 Jul 30;10:970. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00970

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Copyright © 2019 Mejias, Truong, Abad, Favery and Quentin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Multinucleate and hypertrophied feeding cells induced by endoparasitic plant nematodes. (A) Giant cells (gc and white outline) induced by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (rkn and yellow outline) in Arabidopsis thaliana. (B) Syncytium (s and white outline) formed by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii in A. thaliana. (A,B) confocal images were obtained by visualizing glutaraldehyde fixative auto-fluorescence after BABB clearing as described in Cabrera et al. (2018). (C) In situ hybridisation of the pioneer M. incognita effector gene Minc16401 encoding a predicted peptide of 69 amino acids (Abad et al., 2008) was performed as described in Jaouannet et al. (2018). Minc16401 expression was localized in subventral glands (svg), suggesting the effector could be secreted in planta via the stylet (st). Bars = 50 μm.