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. 2019 Jul 30;10:1733. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01733

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Copyright © 2019 Wu, Pan, Niu, Fang, Liang, Li, Li, Pan, Chen, Zhang, Lakey, Agerberth, de Vos and Sun.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Protective effects of LMP on T1D are abolished by antibiotics (ABX)-induced abberation of gut microbiota. (A) Animal experiment design for ABX treatment and microbiota transfer (MT). (B) After ABX and MT treatment, the blood glucose was measured at 11-weeks age. (C) After ABX and MT treatment, the diabetes incidence was shown from 4 to 40 weeks of age. n = 20. (D) H&E staining of pancreatic islets from NOD mice at the age of 11-weeks age. Insulitis score was quantified. Scale bar, 100 μm. (E) The anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 was quantified in pancreas by ELISA. (F) The pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α was quantified in pancreas by ELISA. Bars represent means ± SEM; ^*p < 0.05; ^**p < 0.01; ^***p < 0.001, and ^****p < 0.0001.