FIGURE 1.

Cognitive scores means along Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III) subscales (in order: Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, Full Scale IQ), Working Memory Index from WMS and Stroop test reported according to musicianship. Bars show confidence intervals (CI). Musicians performed better in all tests compared to other groups. To be noted, Stroop values refer to reaction times: smaller reaction times indicate better performance. Alpha level is Bonferroni-corrected, so that p < 0.05 is a significant effect; ^*p ≤ 0.05, ^∗∗p ≤ 0.01, and ^∗∗∗p ≤ 0.001.