TABLE 4.
Mean and statistical group comparisons along cognitive abilities.
|
Means of cognitive abilities per group | |||||
| WAIS-FSIQ | WMS-WMI | Stroop | WAIS-VIQ | WAIS-PIQ | |
| Non-musicians(NM) | 116.45 ± 1.01 | 103.57 ± 1.61 | 99.91 ± 2.65 | 113.51 ± 1.17 | 117.9 ± 1.16 |
| 95% CI | ±0.28 | ±0.44 | ±0.72 | ±0.32 | ±0.32 |
| Amateurs(A) | 117.52 ± 1.50 | 104.52 ± 2.24 | 95.29 ± 2.43 | 114.96 ± 1.56 | 118.33 ± 1.78 |
| 95% CI | ±0.57 | ±0.85 | ±0.92 | ±0.59 | ±0.67 |
| Musicians(M) | 121.5 ± 1.22 | 112 ± 2.29 | 85.22 ± 2.45 | 118.67 ± 1.38 | 121.96 ± 1.69 |
| 95% CI | ±0.50 | ±0.96 | ±1.00 | ±0.56 | ±0.69 |
| Mean differences of cognitive abilities | |||||
| A – NM | 1.07 | 0.95 | −4.62 | 1.45 | 0.431 |
| M – A | 4.00 | 7.13 | 10.06 | 3.70 | 3.62 |
| M - NM | 5.07 | 8.08 | −14.69 | 5.16 | 4.06 |
|
Between-subject MANOVA results |
Between-subject ANOVA results |
||||
| F(2,98) | 4.00 | 4.11 | 6.68 | 3.46 | 1.95 |
| p | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.002 | 0.035 | 0.148 |
| η2p | 0.057 | 0.059 | 0.102 | 0.046 | 0.018 |
| ωp2 | 0.56 | 0.058 | 0.101 | 0.046 | 0.018 |
|
Post hoc p (Bonferroni corrected) |
Post hoc p (Bonferroni corrected) |
||||
| A – NM (p) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.683 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| 95% CI | −3.10 | 5.23 | −5.71 | 7.61 | −13.9 | 4.65 | −3.14 | 6.04 | −4.51 | 5.37 |
| M – A (p) | 0.157 | 0.093 | 0.087 | 0.297 | 0.398 |
| 95% CI | −0.96 | 8.97 | −0.8 | 15.07 | −21.12 | 0.99 | −1.71 | 9.11 | −2.20 | 9.45 |
| M – NM (p) | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.001 | 0.030 | 0.172 |
| 95% CI | 0.68 | 9.46 | 1.06 | 15.11 | −24.47 | −4.90 | 0.380 | 9.93 | −1.08 | 9.20 |
Top: means, standard errors and mean difference for the scores of Verbal Intelligence Quotient (VIQ), Performance Intelligence Quotient (PIQ), Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ), Working Memory Index (WMI), and Stroop for participants grouped into non-musicians, amateurs and musicians. To be noted, Stroop values refer to reaction times: smaller reaction times indicate better performance. Bottom: on the left side, results of the Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) performed to compare musicians (M), amateurs (A) and non-musicians (NM) reporting significant differences along Full Scale IQ (WAIS-FSIQ), Working Memory Index (WMS-WMI), and Stroop test. On the right side, results of a further ANOVA showing the differences between VIQ and PIQ scores. Post hoc comparisons and p-values corrected for Bonferroni correction are provided at the end of the table for both models. Significant statistical values are reported in bold.