Table 1.
Mean ( ± SD) descriptive characteristics of the studied sample according to tertiles of energy-adjusted calcium intake.
| Variable | Total (n = 123) | Low Ca Intake Tertile (n = 41) | Medium Ca Intake Tertile (n = 41) | High Ca Intake Tertile (n = 41) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) | 13.9 ± 0.6 | 13.9 ± 0.6 | 13.8 ± 0.6 | 14.1 ± 0.6 # |
| Height (cm) | 169.0 ± 8.6 | 170.7 ± 8.7 | 167.5 ± 8.4 | 168.9 ± 8.7 |
| Body mass (kg) | 62.5 ± 19.4 | 70.5 ± 24.1 | 58.7 ± 15.2 * | 58.2 ± 15.4 * |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.6 ± 5.4 | 23.8 ± 6.5 | 20.7 ± 4.3 * | 20.3 ± 4.4 * |
| Overweight/obese (n/%) | 36/29.3 | 16/39.0 | 12/29.3 | 8/19.5 |
| Body fat% | 23.1 ± 11.7 | 26.6 ± 12.1 | 22.3 ± 11.4 † | 20.3 ± 11.0 *† |
| FM (kg) | 15.2 ± 12.3 | 19.8 ± 15.4 | 13.6 ± 9.4 *† | 12.2 ± 10.0 *† |
| FFM (kg) | 46.5 ± 10.0 | 49.8 ± 11.4 | 44.4 ± 8.6 * | 45.3 ± 9.3 *† |
| Trunk FM (kg) | 6.3 ± 5.6 | 8.5 ± 7.2 | 5.6 ± 4.3 *† | 4.7 ± 4.4 *† |
| Trunk fat% | 21.4 ± 12.1 | 25.3 ± 12.7 | 20.7 ± 11.7 † | 18.1 ± 11.0 *† |
| Total PA (counts/min) | 398 ± 161 | 397 ± 165 | 403 ± 145 | 393 ± 174 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1798 ± 535 | 1785 ± 543 | 1769 ± 561 | 1839 ± 512 |
| Calcium intake (mg/day) | 786 ± 380 | 515 ± 189 | 738 ± 240 * | 1104 ± 408 *# |
| Calcium intake (mg/1000 kcal) | 434 ± 146 | 287 ± 60 | 418 ± 40 * | 597 ± 98 *# |
| Vitamin D intake (µg/day) | 3.2 ± 4.3 | 2.7 ± 3.0 | 3.5 ± 5.4 | 3.5 ± 4.1 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 6.1 ± 8.6 | 8.1 ± 11.2 | 5.6 ± 7.5 | 4.6 ± 6.2 † |
| Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 8.0 ± 4.4 | 7.5 ± 4.1 | 8.3 ± 4.3 | 8.3 ± 4.9 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 5.0 ± 0.4 | 5.1 ± 0.4 |
| Insulin (µIU/mL) | 14.2 ± 7.7 | 15.8 ± 8.5 | 12.7 ± 6.4 | 14.2 ± 7.9 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.2 ± 1.8 | 3.6 ± 1.9 | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 3.3 ± 1.9 |
* Significantly different from Low Ca intake tertile; p < 0.05; # Significantly different from Medium Ca intake tertile; p < 0.05; † Significantly different from Low Ca intake tertile after adjustment for age, pubertal stage, and total PA; p < 0.05.