Table 3.
Effects and differences between sexes, of maternal hydroxytyrosol supplementation on the fatty acid profile of the fetal liver. Mean values (±SEM) of polar lipids in female (F) and male (M) fetuses of the treated (HTX) and the control group (C).
| HTX | C | p-Value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fatty Acids (g/100 g Total Fatty Acids) | Mean | Female | Male | Mean | Female | Male | HTX vs. C Global | Same Sex (HTX vs. C) | Same Experimental Group (F vs. M) | ||
| HTX vs. C Females | HTX vs. C Males | F vs. M within HTX Group | F vs. M within C Group | ||||||||
| C14:0 | 1.97 ± 0.04 | 1.93 ± 0.04 | 2.06 ± 0.10 | 2.09 ± 0.05 | 2.08 ± 0.07 | 2.07 ± 0.08 | 0.089 | 0.038 | 0.806 | 0.132 | 0.767 |
| C16:0 | 23.17 ± 0.18 | 23.02 ± 0.22 | 23.33 ± 0.30 | 24.29 ± 0.40 | 24.00 ± 0.48 | 24.72 ± 0.69 | 0.020 | 0.082 | 0.127 | 0.204 | 0.340 |
| C16:1n-9 | 1.28 ± 0.020 | 1.30 ± 0.03 | 1.27 ± 0.05 | 1.31 ± 0.03 | 1.34 ± 0.04 | 1.27 ± 0.04 | 0.532 | 0.534 | 0.796 | 0.406 | 0.316 |
| C16:1n-7 | 4.74 ± 0.08 | 4.64 ± 0.10 | 4.94 ± 0.18 | 5.22 ± 0.10 | 5.26 ± 0.13 | 5.14 ± 0.11 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.172 | 0.07 | 0.472 |
| C17:0 | 1.39 ± 0.04 | 1.41 ± 0.06 | 1.37 ± 0.06 | 1.33 ± 0.04 | 1.33 ± 0.06 | 1.32 ± 0.06 | 0.300 | 0.387 | 0.590 | 0.602 | 0.823 |
| C17:1 | 0.69 ± 0.01 | 0.69 ± 0.02 | 0.69 ± 0.03 | 0.78 ± 0.02 | 0.79 ± 0.03 | 0.77 ± 0.02 | 0,000 | 0.015 | 0.006 | 0.489 | 0.547 |
| C18:0 | 19.72 ± 0.20 | 19.92 ± 0.25 | 19.37 ± 0.37 | 20.09 ± 0.26 | 19.8 ± 0.39 | 20.55 ± 0.25 | 0.280 | 0.614 | 0.006 | 0.131 | 0.113 |
| C18:1n-9 | 10.65 ± 0.14 | 10.69 ± 0.2 | 10.47 ± 0.26 | 11.55 ± 0.27 | 11.61 ± 0.35 | 11.64 ± 0.40 | 0.007 | 0.108 | 0.027 | 0.443 | 0.778 |
| C18:1n-7 | 6.82 ± 0.10 | 6.75 ± 0.10 | 7.13 ± 0.40 | 7.25 ± 0.14 | 7.23 ± 0.09 | 7.14 ± 0.14 | 0.019 | 0.026 | 0.424 | 0.234 | 0.495 |
| C18:2n-6 | 2.4 ± 0.05 | 2.43 ± 0.06 | 2.36 ± 0.10 | 2.33 ± 0.04 | 2.35 ± 0.05 | 2.29 ± 0.05 | 0.269 | 0.276 | 0.697 | 0.174 | 0.311 |
| C18:3n-3 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.342 | 0.221 | 0.989 | 0.600 | 0.460 |
| C20:1n-9 | 0.46 ± 0.01 | 0.46 ± 0.01 | 0.46 ± 0.02 | 0.41 ± 0.01 | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 0.41 ± 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.015 | 0.041 | 0.633 | 0.648 |
| C20:3n-6 | 18.35 ± 0.19 | 18.48 ± 0.21 | 18.13 ± 0.38 | 16.14 ± 0.54 | 16.36 ± 0.66 | 15.79 ± 0.93 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.032 | 0.485 | 0.572 |
| C20:4n-6 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.008 | 0.118 | 0.029 | 0.615 | 0.585 |
| C20:5n-3 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.0 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.372 | 0.986 | 0.045 | 0.220 | 0.679 |
| C22:4n-6 | 0.86 ± 0.04 | 0.82 ± 0.05 | 0.91 ± 0.07 | 0.62 ± 0.03 | 0.65 ± 0.04 | 0.59 ± 0.04 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0,000 | 0.200 | 0.367 |
| C22:5n-3 | 0.62 ± 0.02 | 0.61 ± 0.02 | 0.63 ± 0.03 | 0.52 ± 0.03 | 0.53 ± 0.04 | 0.49 ± 0.04 | 0.002 | 0.102 | 0.008 | 0.234 | 0.358 |
| C22:6n-3 | 6.36 ± 0.10 | 6.35 ± 0.10 | 6.37 ± 0.19 | 5.60 ± 0.23 | 5.76 ± 0.28 | 5.35 ± 0.39 | 0.006 | 0.090 | 0.032 | 0.853 | 0.335 |
| SFA | 46.25 ± 0.12 | 46.27 ± 0.15 | 46.13 ± 0.25 | 47.79 ± 0.52 | 47.21 ± 0.64 | 48.66 ± 0.83 | 0.010 | 0.243 | 0.014 | 0.847 | 0.139 |
| MUFA | 24.64 ± 0.23 | 24.53 ± 0.24 | 24.95 ± 0.55 | 26.52 ± 0.4 | 26.65 ± 0.55 | 26.37 ± 0.6 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.046 | 0.597 | 0.737 |
| PUFA | 29.1 ± 0.27 | 29.2 ± 0.27 | 28.92 ± 0.53 | 25.69 ± 0.81 | 26.14 ± 0.99 | 24.97 ± 1.4 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.018 | 0.713 | 0.439 |
| UI | 1.32 ± 0.01 | 1.32 ± 0.01 | 1.32 ± 0.02 | 1.20 ± 0.03 | 1.22 ± 0.04 | 1.17 ± 0.05 | 0.001 | 0.027 | 0.015 | 0.892 | 0.343 |
| PUFAn-3 | 7.24 ± 0.10 | 7.22 ± 0.10 | 7.27 ± 0.19 | 6.38 ± 0.25 | 6.56 ± 0.30 | 6.09 ± 0.43 | 0.004 | 0.087 | 0.022 | 0.678 | 0.305 |
| PUFAn-6 | 21.86 ± 0.19 | 21.98 ± 0.2 | 21.65 ± 0.38 | 19.31 ± 0.57 | 19.58 ± 0.70 | 18.88 ± 0.99 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.019 | 0.457 | 0.516 |
| Σn-6/Σn-3 | 3.04 ± 0.03 | 3.06 ± 0.03 | 3.00 ± 0.06 | 3.11 ± 0.05 | 3.05 ± 0.06 | 3.21 ± 0.08 | 0.233 | 0.679 | 0.054 | 0.326 | 0.078 |
| C18:1/C18:0 | 0.89 ± 0.02 | 0.88 ± 0.02 | 0.92 ± 0.04 | 0.95 ± 0.02 | 0.97 ± 0.04 | 0.91 ± 0.02 | 0.066 | 0.040 | 0.894 | 0.321 | 0.235 |
| MUFA/SFA | 0.53 ± 0.01 | 0.53 ± 0.01 | 0.54 ± 0.01 | 0.56 ± 0.01 | 0.57 ± 0.01 | 0.54 ± 0.01 | 0.019 | 0.016 | 0.635 | 0.578 | 0.092 |
FA (g/100 g Total FA) = Fatty Acids (g/100 g Total Fatty Acids); SFA = Saturated fatty acids. Includes: C14:0, C16:0, C17:0 and C18:0; MUFA = Monounsaturated fatty acids. Includes: C16:1n-9, C16:1n-7, C17:1, C18:1n-9, C18:1n-7, C20:1n-9; PUFA = Polyunsaturated fatty acids. Includes: C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, C20:3n-9, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3, C22:4n-6, C22:5n-6, C22:5n-3 and C22:6n-3; UI = Unsaturation index; Includes: C18:2n-6, C20:4n-6 and C22:4n-6; Includes: C18:3n-3, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3.