Table 4.
Effects and differences between sexes, of maternal hydroxytyrosol supplementation on the fatty acid profile of the fetal longissimus dorsi muscle. Mean values (±SEM) of neutral lipids in female (F) and male (M) fetuses of the treated (HTX) and the control group (C).
| HTX | C | p-Value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fatty Acids (g/100 g Total Fatty Acids) | Mean | Female | Male | Mean | Female | Male | HTX vs. C Global | Same Sex (HTX vs. C) | Same Experimental Group (F vs. M) | ||
| HTX vs. C Females | HTX vs. C Males | F vs. M within HTX Group | F vs. M within C Group | ||||||||
| C14:0 | 3.30 ± 0.05 | 3.25 ± 0.05 | 3.29 ± 0.05 | 3.31 ± 0.09 | 3.25 ± 0.07 | 3.24 ± 0.06 | 0.436 | 0.65 | 0.521 | 0.841 | 0.923 |
| C16:0 | 29.89 ± 0.20 | 29.85 ± 0.21 | 29.85 ± 0.25 | 29.93 ± 0.34 | 29.79 ± 0.3 | 29.93 ± 0.31 | 0.905 | 0.875 | 0.99 | 0.841 | 0.748 |
| C16:1n-9 | 2.93 ± 0.13 | 2.60 ± 0.04 | 2.91 ± 0.16 | 2.96 ± 0.24 | 2.66 ± 0.04 | 2.52 ± 0.06 | 0.012 | 0.118 | 0.056 | 0.874 | 0.05 |
| C16:1n-7 | 6.54 ± 0.15 | 6.84 ± 0.13 | 6.55 ± 0.18 | 6.52 ± 0.27 | 6.85 ± 0.18 | 6.83 ± 0.18 | 0.125 | 0.248 | 0.352 | 0.918 | 0.921 |
| C17:0 | 1.34 ± 0.04 | 1.37 ± 0.03 | 1.33 ± 0.05 | 1.37 ± 0.05 | 1.38 ± 0.04 | 1.35 ± 0.04 | 0.608 | 0.414 | 0.795 | 0.618 | 0.572 |
| C17:1 | 1.20 ± 0.04 | 1.15 ± 0.04 | 1.22 ± 0.06 | 1.16 ± 0.06 | 1.12 ± 0.06 | 1.20 ± 0.05 | 0.482 | 0.424 | 0.658 | 0.476 | 0.37 |
| C18:0 | 11.13 ± 0.12 | 12.38 ± 0.14 | 11.00 ± 0.13 | 11.32 ± 0.22 | 12.21 ± 0.16 | 12.58 ± 0.25 | 0,000 | 0,000 | 0.001 | 0.196 | 0.202 |
| C18:1n-9 | 22.62 ± 0.15 | 23.06 ± 0.15 | 22.89 ± 0.20 | 22.25 ± 0.23 | 22.98 ± 0.21 | 23.16 ± 0.23 | 0.048 | 0.752 | 0.009 | 0.04 | 0.574 |
| C18:1n-7 | 7.22 ± 0.09 | 7.43 ± 0.06 | 7.11 ± 0.11 | 7.38 ± 0.14 | 7.35 ± 0.08 | 7.52 ± 0.09 | 0.056 | 0.081 | 0.38 | 0.14 | 0.13 |
| C18:2n-6 | 4.50 ± 0.11 | 3.78 ± 0.11 | 4.60 ± 0.15 | 4.35 ± 0.17 | 3.75 ± 0.18 | 3.82 ± 0.12 | 0,000 | 0.001 | 0.012 | 0.295 | 0.764 |
| C18:3n-3 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 0.405 | 0.302 | 0.984 | 0.813 | 0.378 |
| C20:1n-9 | 0.46 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 0.47 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.42 ± 0.02 | 0.035 | 0.34 | 0.05 | 0.176 | 0.677 |
| C20:3n-6 | 0.58 ± 0.01 | 0.49 ± 0.01 | 0.57 ± 0.02 | 0.58 ± 0.02 | 0.51 ± 0.02 | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 0,000 | 0.04 | 0,000 | 0.866 | 0.163 |
| C20:4n-6 | 5.17 ± 0.17 | 4.64 ± 0.23 | 5.12 ± 0.21 | 5.24 ± 0.29 | 4.85 ± 0.35 | 4.38 ± 0.29 | 0.081 | 0.529 | 0.046 | 0.742 | 0.316 |
| C20:5n-3 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 0.917 | 0.275 | 0.172 | 0.26 | 0.188 |
| C22:4n-6 | 1.27 ± 0.03 | 1.03 ± 0.05 | 1.26 ± 0.03 | 1.28 ± 0.04 | 1.07 ± 0.07 | 0.97 ± 0.05 | 0,000 | 0.025 | 0,000 | 0.678 | 0.238 |
| C22:5n-3 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 0.46 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.001 | 0.126 | 0.001 | 0.858 | 0.114 |
| C22:6n-3 | 0.89 ± 0.02 | 0.83 ± 0.04 | 0.88 ± 0.03 | 0.91 ± 0.04 | 0.87 ± 0.05 | 0.79 ± 0.04 | 0.195 | 0.879 | 0.059 | 0.524 | 0.249 |
| SFA | 45.67 ± 0.20 | 46.84 ± 0.27 | 45.47 ± 0.24 | 45.93 ± 0.32 | 46.64 ± 0.38 | 47.10 ± 0.39 | 0.001 | 0.015 | 0.031 | 0.252 | 0.399 |
| MUFA | 40.97 ± 0.21 | 41.51 ± 0.24 | 41.13 ± 0.25 | 40.74 ± 0.34 | 41.4 ± 0.36 | 41.65 ± 0.30 | 0.093 | 0.555 | 0.052 | 0.35 | 0.606 |
| PUFA | 13.37 ± 0.28 | 11.64 ± 0.42 | 13.39 ± 0.37 | 13.33 ± 0.42 | 11.96 ± 0.64 | 11.25 ± 0.53 | 0.002 | 0.068 | 0.005 | 0.911 | 0.406 |
| UI | 0.85 ± 0.01 | 0.80 ± 0.02 | 0.85 ± 0.01 | 0.85 ± 0.02 | 0.82 ± 0.02 | 0.79 ± 0.02 | 0.009 | 0.185 | 0.014 | 0.942 | 0.316 |
| PUFAn-3 | 1.86 ± 0.03 | 1.70 ± 0.06 | 1.84 ± 0.04 | 1.88 ± 0.05 | 1.77 ± 0.10 | 1.61 ± 0.08 | 0.042 | 0.523 | 0.011 | 0.61 | 0.213 |
| PUFAn-6 | 11.51 ± 0.25 | 9.95 ± 0.36 | 11.55 ± 0.33 | 11.45 ± 0.38 | 10.19 ± 0.55 | 9.64 ± 0.45 | 0.001 | 0.047 | 0.005 | 0.845 | 0.456 |
| Σn-6/Σn-3 | 6.20 ± 0.08 | 5.90 ± 0.1 | 6.27 ± 0.10 | 6.10 ± 0.12 | 5.78 ± 0.14 | 6.05 ± 0.14 | 0.025 | 0.009 | 0.795 | 0.257 | 0.201 |
| C18:1/C18:0 | 2.70 ± 0.04 | 2.48 ± 0.03 | 2.74 ± 0.04 | 2.64 ± 0.06 | 2.49 ± 0.03 | 2.46 ± 0.05 | 0,000 | 0,000 | 0.017 | 0.16 | 0.515 |
| MUFA/SFA | 0.9 ± 0.01 | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 0.207 | 0.114 | 0.862 | 0.162 | 0.797 |
FA (g/100 g Total FA) = Fatty Acids (g/100 g Total Fatty Acids); SFA = Saturated fatty acids. Includes: C14:0, C16:0, C17:0 and C18:0; MUFA = Monounsaturated fatty acids. Includes: C16:1n-9, C16:1n-7, C17:1, C18:1n-9, C18:1n-7, C20:1n-9; PUFA = Polyunsaturated fatty acids. Includes: C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, C20:3n-9, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3, C22:4n-6, C22:5n-6, C22:5n-3 and C22:6n-3; UI = Unsaturation index; Includes: C18:2n-6, C20:4n-6 and C22:4n-6; Includes: C18:3n-3, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3.