Table 5.
Effects and differences between sexes, of maternal hydroxytyrosol supplementation on the fatty acid profile of the fetal longissimus dorsi muscle. Mean values (±SEM) of polar lipids in female (F) and male (M) fetuses of the treated (HTX) and the control group (C).
| HTX | C | p-Value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fatty Acids (g/100 g Total Fatty Acids) | Mean | Female | Male | Mean | Female | Male | HTX vs. C Global | Same Sex (HTX vs. C) | Same Experimental Group (F vs. M) | ||
| HTX vs. C Females | HTX vs. C Males | F vs. M within HTX Group | F vs. M within C Group | ||||||||
| C14:0 | 2.50 ± 0.03 | 2.30 ± 0.03 | 2.45 ± 0.03 | 2.57 ± 0.05 | 2.31 ± 0.04 | 2.30 ± 0.04 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.036 | 0.784 |
| C16:0 | 23.7 ± 0.11 | 24.50 ± 0.19 | 23.59 ± 0.16 | 23.87 ± 0.13 | 24.26 ± 0.25 | 24.8 ± 0.28 | 0.001 | 0.034 | 0.008 | 0.206 | 0.157 |
| C16:1n-9 | 2.07 ± 0.05 | 2.04 ± 0.05 | 2.02 ± 0.05 | 2.14 ± 0.10 | 2.09 ± 0.09 | 1.97 ± 0.05 | 0.671 | 0.479 | 0.116 | 0.241 | 0.267 |
| C16:1n-7 | 3.73 ± 0.08 | 3.87 ± 0.08 | 3.63 ± 0.09 | 3.86 ± 0.14 | 3.86 ± 0.12 | 3.87 ± 0.08 | 0.215 | 0.152 | 0.923 | 0.174 | 0.938 |
| C17:0 | 1.29 ± 0.03 | 1.30 ± 0.03 | 1.29 ± 0.04 | 1.29 ± 0.05 | 1.31 ± 0.04 | 1.30 ± 0.03 | 0.781 | 0.781 | 0.930 | 0.947 | 0.895 |
| C17:1 | 0.91 ± 0.03 | 1.05 ± 0.04 | 0.89 ± 0.03 | 0.95 ± 0.06 | 1.00 ± 0.05 | 1.11 ± 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.078 | 0.080 | 0.379 | 0.223 |
| C18:0 | 11.96 ± 0.08 | 12.66 ± 0.13 | 12.10 ± 0.11 | 11.76 ± 0.11 | 12.57 ± 0.18 | 12.78 ± 0.18 | 0.000 | 0.038 | 0.000 | 0.036 | 0.418 |
| C18:1n-9 | 22.88 ± 0.13 | 23.82 ± 0.18 | 22.96 ± 0.19 | 22.78 ± 0.16 | 23.75 ± 0.26 | 23.92 ± 0.25 | 0.000 | 0.021 | 0.001 | 0.503 | 0.644 |
| C18:1n-7 | 6.50 ± 0.06 | 6.92 ± 0.09 | 6.46 ± 0.08 | 6.54 ± 0.11 | 6.83 ± 0.11 | 7.02 ± 0.14 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.570 | 0.281 |
| C18:2n-6 | 5.23 ± 0.11 | 5.00 ± 0.07 | 5.32 ± 0.12 | 5.11 ± 0.19 | 4.99 ± 0.10 | 5.01 ± 0.09 | 0.058 | 0.036 | 0.612 | 0.345 | 0.865 |
| C18:3n-3 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.017 | 0.004 | 0.899 | 0.283 | 0.082 |
| C20:1n-9 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.829 | 0.626 | 0.381 | 0.141 | 0.859 |
| C20:3n-6 | 0.85 ± 0.01 | 0.78 ± 0.02 | 0.86 ± 0.01 | 0.85 ± 0.03 | 0.79 ± 0.02 | 0.78 ± 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.012 | 0.055 | 0.752 | 0.818 |
| C20:4n-6 | 13.17 ± 0.11 | 11.14 ± 0.33 | 13.25 ± 0.10 | 13.07 ± 0.21 | 11.5 ± 0.47 | 10.69 ± 0.46 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.400 | 0.234 |
| C20:5n-3 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.017 | 0.358 | 0.009 | 0.539 | 0.238 |
| C22:4n-6 | 1.85 ± 0.02 | 1.54 ± 0.06 | 1.84 ± 0.02 | 1.86 ± 0.03 | 1.59 ± 0.08 | 1.48 ± 0.08 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.48 | 0.326 |
| C22:5n-3 | 0.78 ± 0.01 | 0.63 ± 0.03 | 0.77 ± 0.01 | 0.78 ± 0.02 | 0.66 ± 0.04 | 0.58 ± 0.04 | 0.000 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.784 | 0.18 |
| C22:6n-3 | 1.89 ± 0.02 | 1.77 ± 0.04 | 1.90 ± 0.03 | 1.86 ± 0.04 | 1.80 ± 0.05 | 1.74 ± 0.06 | 0.018 | 0.088 | 0.116 | 0.371 | 0.508 |
| SFA | 39.46 ± 0.13 | 40.77 ± 0.27 | 39.43 ± 0.18 | 39.49 ± 0.17 | 40.45 ± 0.37 | 41.17 ± 0.40 | 0.000 | 0.023 | 0.001 | 0.802 | 0.192 |
| MUFA | 36.28 ± 0.19 | 37.89 ± 0.26 | 36.14 ± 0.24 | 36.47 ± 0.30 | 37.73 ± 0.38 | 38.09 ± 0.35 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.396 | 0.503 |
| PUFA | 24.26 ± 0.16 | 21.34 ± 0.48 | 24.43 ± 0.19 | 24.03 ± 0.27 | 21.82 ± 0.69 | 20.74 ± 0.67 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.229 | 0.272 |
| UI | 1.27 ± 0.01 | 1.17 ± 0.02 | 1.27 ± 0.01 | 1.26 ± 0.01 | 1.18 ± 0.03 | 1.14 ± 0.03 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.331 | 0.25 |
| PUFAn-3 | 3.16 ± 0.03 | 2.89 ± 0.08 | 3.16 ± 0.04 | 3.15 ± 0.05 | 2.97 ± 0.11 | 2.79 ± 0.11 | 0.003 | 0.122 | 0.007 | 0.874 | 0.246 |
| PUFAn-6 | 21.1 ± 0.15 | 18.46 ± 0.41 | 21.27 ± 0.17 | 20.88 ± 0.25 | 18.86 ± 0.59 | 17.96 ± 0.57 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.194 | 0.284 |
| Σn-6/Σn-3 | 6.70 ± 0.06 | 6.45 ± 0.07 | 6.74 ± 0.08 | 6.64 ± 0.10 | 6.41 ± 0.11 | 6.50 ± 0.10 | 0.012 | 0.019 | 0.305 | 0.417 | 0.56 |
| C18:1/C18:0 | 2.46 ± 0.02 | 2.43 ± 0.02 | 2.44 ± 0.03 | 2.50 ± 0.03 | 2.44 ± 0.02 | 2.43 ± 0.03 | 0.305 | 0.955 | 0.096 | 0.191 | 0.731 |
| MUFA/SFA | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 0.263 | 0.194 | 0.884 | 0.645 | 0.504 |
FA (g/100 g Total FA) = Fatty Acids (g/100 g Total Fatty Acids); SFA = Saturated fatty acids. Includes: C14:0, C16:0, C17:0 and C18:0; MUFA = Monounsaturated fatty acids. Includes: C16:1n-9, C16:1n-7, C17:1, C18:1n-9, C18:1n-7, C20:1n-9; PUFA = Polyunsaturated fatty acids. Includes: C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, C20:3n-9, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3, C22:4n-6, C22:5n-6, C22:5n-3 and C22:6n-3; UI = Unsaturation index; Includes: C18:2n-6, C20:4n-6 and C22:4n-6; Includes: C18:3n-3, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3.