Table 5.
Baseline Vitamin D level related average change in socio-emotional adjustment within strata of early ART exposure type among perinatally HIV infected children.
| Outcome | Exposure | Among PHIV without Early ART Exposure (n = 60) | Among PHIV with Any Early Exposure Any ART (n = 28) | Among PHIV with Sub-optimal Early ART Exposure (n = 23) | VD × Early ART | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LSM ± SE | β (p-Value), ES | LSM ± SE | β (p-Value), ES | LSM ± SE | β (p-Value), ES | p-Value ** | ||
| Adaptive Skills Index | Vitamin D Level | 0.01 | ||||||
| Low | −0.16 ± 0.13 | Ref | 0.09 ± 0.15 | Ref | −0.02 ± 0.16 | Ref | ||
| Medium | −0.36 ± 0.14 | 0.52 (0.002), 0.64 | 0.34 ± 0.30 | 0.26 (0.12), 0.32 | 0.37 ± 0.28 | 0.39 (0.20), 0.48 | ||
| High | −0.02 ± 0.15 | 0.14 (0.49), 0.17 | 0.26 ± 0.22 | 0.18 (0.59), 0.22 | 0.39 ± 0.32 | 0.42 (0.25), 0.52 | ||
| Behavioral Symptoms Index | Vitamin D Level | <0.001 | ||||||
| Low | −0.15 ± 0.13 | Ref | −0.13 ± 0.20 | Ref | −0.01 ± 0.21 | Ref | ||
| Medium | −0.16 ± 0.17 | 0.00 (0.99), 0.00 | 0.36 ± 0.35 | 0.49 (0.19), 0.54 | 0.65 ± 0.36 | 0.66 (0.09), 0.73 | ||
| High | 0.29 ± 0.16 | 0.45 (0.02), 0.50 | −0.32 ± 0.18 | −0.19 (0.39), −0.21 | −0.45 ± 0.19 | −0.44 (0.08), −0.48 | ||
| Externalizing Problems Composite | Vitamin D Level | 0.002 | ||||||
| Low | −0.10 ± 0.11 | Ref | 0.01 ± 0.14 | Ref | 0.10 ± 0.14 | Ref | ||
| Medium | −0.04 ± 0.17 | 0.05 (0.75), 0.06 | 0.56 ± 0.30 | 0.55 (0.09), 0.66 | 0.86 ± 0.29 | 0.77 (0.01), 0.93 | ||
| High | 0.26 ± 0.14 | 0.36 (0.0495), 0.43 | −0.16 ± 0.15 | −0.17 (0.36), −0.21 | −0.23 ± 0.17 | −0.33 (0.13), −0.40 | ||
| Internalizing Problems Composite | Vitamin D Level | 0.13 | ||||||
| Low | −0.06 ± 0.14 | Ref | −0.04 ± 0.21 | Ref | 0.07 ± 0.29 | Ref | ||
| Medium | −0.08 ± 0.17 | −0.02(0.89), −0.02 | 0.44 ± 0.33 | 0.42 (0.26), 0.47 | 0.57 ± 0.36 | 0.50 (0.22), 0.56 | ||
| High | 0.42 ± 0.18 | 0.48 (0.01), 0.54 | −0.03 ± 0.26 | −0.06 (0.84), −0.07 | −0.09 ± 0.24 | −0.16 (0.62), −0.18 | ||
Estimates shown are age and sex standardized difference in mean socio-emotional adjustment indicator in relationship to vitamin D levels. Calculated from repeated measures linear mixed models adjusted for: time, current ART regimen vitamin D, caregiver depression, caregiving quality. Effect size interpreted according to the following rubric: very small: ES < |0.20|, small: |0.20| ≤ ES < |0.30|, moderate: |0.30| ≤ ES < |0.50|, large: |0.50| ≤ ES < |0.80| and very large: ES ≥ |0.80|. This means that if two groups’ means do not differ by 0.2 standard deviations or more, the difference is trivial, even if it is statistically significant. ES measures are provided to compliment difference of means. **: p -value corresponds to hypothesis test for consistency in vitamin D related changes within stratum of early ART exposure type. Among PHIV without early ART Exposure (n = 60), there were 31, 16, and 13 respectively were classified as low, medium and high vitamin D. Among PHIV with Sub-optimal ART Exposure (n = 23), 10, 6, and 7 were respectively classified as low, medium and high vitamin D. Among PHIV with any early ART exposure (n = 28), 12, 8, and 8 were respectively classified as low, medium and high vitamin D. Bolding indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05) or at least moderate clinical significance.