Table 4.
Associations between calculated daily intakes of human milk carbohydrates and infant characteristics.
| Predictor (CDI d, g) |
Between 2 and 5 Months (n = 17) |
9 Months (n = 8) |
12 Months (n = 8) |
P-Value (n = 18) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept (SE) | Slope (SE) | Intercept (SE) | Slope (SE) | Intercept (SE) |
Slope (SE) | Predictor | Infant Age (Months) | Interaction | |
| Infant Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| TCH | 15.60 (1.30) a | 0.033 (0.019) | 18.60 (1.47) | −0.013 (0.029) | 18.50 (0.72) | −0.018 (0.013) | 0.65 b | 0.77 | 0.019 c |
| Lactose | 15.70 (1.00) | 0.038 (0.018) | 17.90 (1.21) | 0.0003 (0.032) | 19.00 (0.88) | −0.040 (0.025) | 0.38 | 0.59 | 0.011 |
| Infant Fat-free Mass Index with Ultrasound 4-skinfolds (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| TCH | 15.20 (0.56) | −0.034 (0.007) | 14.70 (0.47) | −0.034 (0.007) | 15.10 (0.45) | −0.034 (0.007) | <0.001 | 0.035 | 0.37 |
| Lactose | 13.30 (0.73) | −0.006 (0.013) | 12.90 (0.87) | 0.003 (0.023) | 15.40 (0.65) | −0.060 (0.018) | 0.076 | 0.13 | 0.015 |
| Infant Fat Mass with Ultrasound 2-skinfolds (kg) | |||||||||
| TCH | 1.24 (0.29) | 0.011 (0.004) | 1.82 (0.25) | 0.011 (0.004) | 1.94 (0.23) | 0.011 (0.004) | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.29 |
| Lactose | 1.23 (0.31) | 0.014 (0.006) | 1.93 (0.24) | 0.014 (0.006) | 2.06 (0.21) | 0.014 (0.006) | 0.008 | <0.001 | 0.19 |
| Infant Fat Mass with Ultrasound 4-skinfolds (kg) | |||||||||
| TCH | 1.09 (0.26) | 0.014 (0.004) | 1.73 (0.22) | 0.014 (0.004) | 1.64 (0.20) | 0.014 (0.004) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.16 |
| Lactose | 1.16 (0.30) | 0.015 (0.005) | 1.87 (0.23) | 0.015 (0.005) | 1.80 (0.21) | 0.015 (0.005) | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.21 |
| HMO | 1.73 (0.14) | 0.020 (0.008) | 2.13 (0.18) | 0.020 (0.008) | 1.99 (0.17) | 0.020 (0.008) | 0.010 | 0.061 | 0.77 |
| Infant Fat Mass with Ultrasound 2-skinfolds (%) | |||||||||
| TCH | 20.10 (2.51) | 0.010 (0.036) | 21.80 (2.15) | 0.010 (0.036) | 20.70 (1.98) | 0.010 (0.036) | 0.005 | 0.64 | 0.064 |
| Lactose | 19.80 (2.80) | 0.128 (0.050) | 22.30 (2.18) | 0.128 (0.050) | 21.60 (1.94) | 0.128 (0.050) | 0.019 | 0.59 | 0.11 |
| Infant Fat Mass with Ultrasound 4-skinfolds (%) | |||||||||
| TCH | 14.00 (2.91) | 0.193 (0.043) | 31.10 (4.47) | −0.083 (0.090) | 18.80 (2.05) | 0.103 (0.042) | <0.001 | 0.051 | 0.016 |
| Lactose | 18.30 (2.66) | 0.156 (0.048) | 21.60 (2.10) | 0.156 (0.048) | 18.70 (1.85) | 0.156 (0.048) | 0.001 | 0.079 | 0.069 |
| HMO | 24.60 (1.29) | 0.168 (0.074) | 25.10 (1.64) | 0.168 (0.074) | 21.30 (1.58) | 0.168 (0.074) | 0.025 | 0.095 | 0.51 |
| Infant Fat Mass Index with Bioelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| Lactose | 3.66 (0.74) | 0.027 (0.013) | 3.27 (0.58) | 0.027 (0.013) | 3.55 (0.53) | 0.027 (0.013) | 0.045 | 0.62 | 0.41 |
| HMO | 5.37 (0.32) | −0.024 (0.017) | 4.51 (0.41) | −0.024 (0.017) | 4.64 (0.40) | −0.024 (0.017) | 0.049 | 0.013 | 0.18 |
| Infant Fat Mass Index with Ultrasound 2-skinfolds (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| TCH | 3.10 (0.61) | 0.025 (0.009) | 3.64 (0.52) | 0.025 (0.009) | 3.36 (0.47) | 0.025 (0.009) | 0.003 | 0.32 | 0.10 |
| Lactose | 3.01 (0.67) | 0.032 (0.012) | 3.74 (0.51) | 0.032 (0.012) | 3.47 (0.47) | 0.032 (0.012) | 0.005 | 0.18 | 0.27 |
| Infant Fat Mass Index with Ultrasound 4-skinfolds (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| TCH | 1.64 (0.74) | 0.048 (0.011) | 5.22 (1.12) | −0.007 (0.023) | 3.21 (0.52) | 0.020 (0.011) | <0.001 | 0.078 | 0.038 |
| Lactose | 2.72 (0.64) | 0.038 (0.012) | 3.52 (0.50) | 0.038 (0.012) | 2.84 (0.46) | 0.038 (0.012) | <0.001 | 0.065 | 0.16 |
| HMO | 4.28 (0.32) | 0.040 (0.018) | 4.43 (0.41) | 0.040 (0.018) | 3.62 (0.39) | 0.040 (0.018) | 0.034 | 0.19 | 0.68 |
| Infant Fat Mass to Fat-free Mass Ratio with Bioelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy | |||||||||
| HMO | 0.43 (0.02) | −0.002 (0.001) | 0.34 (0.03) | −0.002 (0.001) | 0.36 (0.03) | −0.002 (0.001) | 0.024 | <0.001 | 0.095 |
| Infant Fat Mass to Fat-free Mass Ratio with Ultrasound 2-skinfolds | |||||||||
| TCH | 0.23 (0.05) | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.27 (0.04) | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.25 (0.04) | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.004 | 0.68 | 0.052 |
| Lactose | 0.22 (0.06) | 0.003 (0.001) | 0.28 (0.04) | 0.003 (0.001) | 0.27 (0.04) | 0.003 (0.001) | 0.012 | 0.50 | 0.14 |
| Infant Fat Mass to Fat-free Mass Ratio with Ultrasound 4-skinfolds | |||||||||
| TCH | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.004 (0.001) | 0.46 (0.08) | −0.002 (0.002) | 0.23 (0.04) | 0.002 (0.001) | <0.001 | 0.058 | 0.007 |
| Lactose | 0.21 (0.05) | 0.003 (0.001) | 0.27 (0.04) | 0.003 (0.001) | 0.22 (0.04) | 0.003 (0.001) | <0.001 | 0.084 | 0.053 |
| HMO | 0.33 (0.02) | 0.003 (0.001) | 0.34 (0.03) | 0.003 (0.001) | 0.27 (0.03) | 0.003 (0.001) | 0.027 | 0.12 | 0.45 |
a Parameter estimate ± SE; effects of predictors taken from linear mixed effects models that accounted for month after birth and an interaction between month after birth and predictor with a random effect for participant; if the interaction is not significant parameter estimates are taken from a model with no interaction. b,c Results are presented only for interactions or predictors with raw p-values < 0.05; after the false discovery rate adjustment the interaction/predictor p-values were considered to be significant at <0.038 for calculated daily intake (CDI) of total carbohydrates (TCH) (indicated by the bold text), at <0.045 for lactose CDI (indicated by the bold text), and at <0.010 for human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) CDI (none are significant). d CDI were measured between 2 and 5 months and within 2 weeks of 9 and 12 months.