Table 4.
Cardio–metabolic and inflammatory parameters of studies included.
| Citation | Baseline Versus Post-Intervention | HDL Cholesterol | LDL Cholesterol | Total Cholesterol | Triglyceride | C–Reactive Protein | Adiponectin | Interleukin–6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gomes et al. [31] | Baseline mg/dL Median (Minimum/Maximum) Post-intervention |
Higher GI: 43 (30/59) Low GI: 38 (27.6/45.2) Higher GI: 40 (30/54) Low GI: 41 (24.5/47) |
No Data | Higher GI: 210.1 (180/273.5) Low GI: 200.4 (123/248.1) Higher GI: 211 (172/284) Low GI: 214.1 (145/288.5) |
Higher GI: 180.2 (88.7/287) Low GI: 195 (68/372) Higher GI: 175.3 (132/311.2) Low GI: 205.1 (63/384.1) |
(mg/L) Higher GI: 2.6 (0.8/7.3) Low GI: 2.7 (0.5/5.5) Higher GI: 2.8 (0.6/6.13) Low GI: 2.5 (0.1/6.9) p = 0.44 |
ng/mL Higher GI: 30.9 (29.8/31.4 Low GI: 30.1 (29.4/31.3) Higher GI: 30.8 (30.2/31.6) Low GI: 30.5 (26.7/93) p = 0.74 |
No Data |
| Ma et al. [33] | Baseline mmol/L (Mean ± SD) Post-intervention |
Higher GI: 1.96 ± 0.39 Low GI: 1.89 ± 0.33 Higher GI: 1.85 ± 0.36 Low GI: 1.87 ± 0.34 |
Higher GI: 2.13 ± 0.60 Low GI: 2.19 ± 0.58 Higher GI: 2.16 ± 0.81 Low GI: 2.20 ± 0.54 |
Higher GI: 5.74 ± 0.74 Low GL: 5.79 ± 1.01 Higher GI: 5.97 ± 0.89 Low GI: 5.96 ± 1.02 |
Higher GI: 2.20 ± 0.60 Low GI:2.67 ± 1.27 Higher GI: 3.14 ± 1.05 Low GI: 3.09 ± 1.14 |
No Data | No Data | No Data |
| Jenkins et al. [34] | Baseline mg/dL (Mean) Post-intervention |
Higher GI: 43.1 Low GI: 41.9 Higher GI: 42.8 Low GI: 43.6 |
Higher GI: 101.1 Low GI: 96.9 Higher GI: 101.3 Low GI: 95.3 |
Higher GI: 168.4 Low GI: 164.3 Higher GI: 168.4 Low GI: 162.6 |
Higher GI: 122.0 Low GI: 128.1 Higher GI: 122.2 Low GI: 124.6 |
Higher GI: 4.59 Low GI: 4.62 Higher GI: 2.82 Low GI: 3.02 |
No Data | No Data |
| Jenkins et al. [35] | Baseline mg/dL (95% CI) Post-intervention |
Higher GI: 47 (44, 50) Low GI: 43 (40, 46) Higher GI: 48 (45, 52) Low GI: 43 (40, 45) |
Higher GI: 91 (81, 101) Low GI: 84 (77, 92) Higher GI: 90 (81, 99) Low GI: 81 (74, 89) |
Higher GI: 163 (151, 174) Low GI: 158 (147, 168) Higher GI: 161 (150, 172) Low GI: 149 (139, 160) |
Higher GI: 124 (104, 145) Low GI: 149 (125, 173) Higher GI: 115 (96, 133) Low GI: 128 (107, 148) |
No Data | No Data | No Data |
| Ma et al. [36] | Baseline mg/dL (Mean ± SEM) Post-intervention |
Higher GI: 42.95 ± 2.26 Low GI: 45.42 ± 2.38 Higher GI: 44.29 ± 2.30 Low GI: 47.53 ± 2.43 |
Higher GI: 88.95 ± 7.52 Low GI: 93.16 ± 8.07 Higher GI: 71.49 ± 7.81 Low GI: 94.50 ± 8.32 |
Higher GI: 168.10 ± 9.06 Low GI: 175.58 ± 9.53 Higher GI: 149.71 ± 9.35 Low GI: 173.63 ± 0.06 p = 0.09 |
* Higher GI: 5.05 (0.14) Low GI: 4.99 (0.15) Higher GI: 4.93 (0.15) Low GI: 4.90 (0.16) |
No Data | No Data | No Data |
| Wolever et al. [37] | Baseline mmol/L (Mean ± SEM) Post-intervention |
Higher GI: 1.14 ± 0.05 Low GI: 1.21 ± 0.03 Higher GI: 1.19 ± 0.03 Low GI: 1.16 ± 0.03 |
Higher GI: 2.82 ± 0.13 Low GI: 3.02 ± 0.13 Higher GI: 3.0 ± 0.08 Low GI: 2.92 ± 0.05 |
Higher GI: 4.86 ± 0.16 Low GI: 5.09 ± 0.13 Higher GI: 5.04 ± 0.08 Low GI: 5.04 ± 0.08 |
Higher GI: 2.07 ± 0.15 Low GI: 1.87 ± 0.10 Higher GI: 2.0 ± 0.07 Low GI: 2.17 ± 0.07 |
** Higher GI: 3.34 (2.56, 4.26) Low GI: 2.64 (1.89, 3.70) Higher GI: 2.75 (2.33, 3.24) Low GI: 1.95 (1.68, 2.27) |
No Data | No Data |
| Yusof et al. [38] | Baseline mmol/L (Mean ± SEM) Post-intervention |
Higher GI: 1.18 ± 0.34 Low GI: 1.08 ± 0.30 Higher GI: 1.21 ± 0.05 Low GI: 1.14 ± 0.04 |
Higher GI: 2.78 ± 0.67 Low GI: 2.78 ± 0.67 Higher GI: 2.93 ± 0.14 Low GI: 2.67 ± 0.11 |
Higher GI: 4.56 ± 0.80 Low GI: 4.54 ± 0.75 Higher GI: 4.80 ± 0.16 Low GI: 4.54 ± 0.12 |
Higher GI: 1.35 ± 0.53 Low GI: 1.5 ± 0.47 Higher GI: 1.46 ± 0.08 Low GI: 1.59 ± 0.10 |
No Data | No Data | No Data |
| Argiana et al. [39] | Baseline mg/dL (Mean ± SEM) Post-intervention |
Higher GI: 46.4 ± 1.8 Low GI: 43.1 ± 1.3 Higher GI: 46.1 ± 1.7 Low GI: 43.3 ± 1.2 |
Higher GI: 104.9 ± 5.1 Low GI: 107.0 ± 5.5 Higher GI: 104.2 ± 5.2 Low GI: 97.2 ± 6.2 |
Higher GI: 176.6 ± 5.2 Low GI: 173.9 ± 6.4 Higher GI: 175.8 ± 5.2 Low GI: 167.0 ± 4.1 |
Higher GI: 126.5 ± 10.8 Low GI: 119.2 ± 11.6 Higher GI: 127.5 ± 10.3 Low GI: 122 ± 9.3 |
*** Higher GI: 2.1 ± 0.5 Low GI: 4.4 ± 1.2 Higher GI: 2.8 ± 0.6 Low GI: 3.0 ± 0.8 |
*** Higher GI: 7.4 ± 1.6 Low GI: 12.2 ± 3.4 Higher GI: 8.3 ± 2.1 Low GI: 12.5 ± 1.5 |
**** Higher GI: 1.3 ± 0.2 Low GI: 1.4 ± 0.3 Higher GI: 2.0 ± 0.5 Low GI: 1.3 ± 0.2 |
| Cai et al. [40] | Baseline mg/L (Not stated whether Mean or SD) Post-intervention |
No Data | No Data | No Data | No Data | Higher GI: 8.03 ± 0.72 Low GI: 8.04 ± 0.75 Higher GI: 5.01 ± 0.32 Low GI: 3.68 ± 0.29 |
No Data | **** Higher GI: 12.26 ± 1.57 Low GI: 12.29 ± 1.44 Higher GI: 9.01 ± 0.83 Low GI: 7.97 ± 0.86 |
Abbreviations: CCE (conventional carbohydrate exchange); Higher GI (Higher glycemic index); Low GI (Low glycemic indexn (Number); TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL–6: interleukin 6. * mmol/L (Natural Logarithm); ** mg/L (Mean, 95% CIs); *** µg/mL (Mean ± SEM); **** pg/mL (Mean ± SEM); v. (Versus).