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. 2019 Aug 5;9:11304. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47839-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of known associated factors on the trajectories in standardized scores (z-scores) of fetal growth velocities during gestation. Time-varying effects for known factors (such as fetal sex, maternal height, pre-pregnancy BMI, and parity) on fetal growth velocity standardized scores are shown. Color codes, showing distinct subgroups for each factor, are indicated in the bottom left. All weekly values (dots) with mean (solid lines) and ±1 SD (dashed lines) of z-scores are shown. EFW, estimated fetal weight; BPD, biparietal diameter; FL, femur length; AC, abdominal circumference; BMI, body mass index.