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. 2019 Aug 5;10:3513. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11465-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Device structure and detection mechanism of the integrated homojunction interfacial workfunction internal photoemission (HIWIP) detector and LED. a Structure of the HIWIP-LED up-converter device. b Band diagram of HIWIP-LED up-converter device. c The I–V characteristic (with 300 K background radiation) of the up-converter at different temperatures