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. 2019 Aug 5;10:3513. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11465-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — The direct up-conversion measurement using blackbody and quantum cascade laser (QCL) as the light source. a Optical setup for up-conversion measurement. b The up-converted image of the 0.025-inch-hole blackbody source (1000 K), the IR off and IR on means the device with and without IR illumination. c The laser induced net photocurrent and LED emitted up-converted net power as a function of bias voltage (i.e., the background was subtracted) at 3.5 K. d The I–V characteristic with 300 K background radiation of the up-converter and corresponding differential resistance at 3.5 K