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. 2019 Aug 5;10:3513. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11465-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Imaging quality evaluation using the modulation transfer function (MTF) and factor of signal to noise (FSNR) characterized by R/J_bg. a The modulation transfer function (MTF) of the HIWIP-LED device with the double heterojunction LED (LED #1). b The modulation transfer function (MTF) of the HIWIP-LED device with the InGaAs quantum well LED (LED #2). c Peak responsivity and the corresponding values of R/J_bg of the HIWIP-LED at low temperatures under different bias voltages. d The mapping result of R/J_bg as a function of bias and wavenumbers at 3.5 K