Table 1.
Characteristics and Clinical Parameters of the Lean Subjects and Obese Patients.
| Patient Groups | P value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lean (n = 18) |
ob N (n = 62) |
ob preDM (n = 58) |
ob T2DM (n = 57) |
lean vs. ob N |
lean vs. ob preDM |
lean vs. ob T2DM |
ob N vs. ob preDM |
ob N vs. ob T2DM |
ob preDM vs. ob T2DM |
|
| Female sex-n°(%) | 11(61.1) | 50(80.6) | 45(77.6) | 32(56.1) | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.92 | 0.85 | 0.007 | 0.02 |
| Age (y) | 48 ± 12 | 41 ± 9 | 45 ± 10 | 52 ± 9 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.16 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Hypertension-n°(%) | 2(11.1) | 24(38.7) | 31(53.4) | 53(92.9) | 0.06 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.15 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia- n°(%) | 1(5.5) | 33(53.2) | 32(55.2) | 45(78.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.98 | 0.006 | 0.01 |
| OSAS- n°(%) | 0(0) | 8(12.9) | 16(27.6) | 25(43.8) | 0.19 | 0.009 | 0.002 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.10 |
| BMI (kg/m2) * | 24 ± 2 | 46 ± 8 | 47 ± 7 | 48 ± 8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.83 | 0.10 | 1.0 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 0.7 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 9.4 ± 4.0 | 1.0 | 0.006 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Insulin (mU/L) | — | 16 ± 10 | 26 ± 20 | 33 ± 32 | — | — | — | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.43 |
| HOMAIR † | — | 3.7 ± 2.4 | 6.9 ± 5.7 | 12.3 ± 12.5 | — | — | — | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.03 |
| Glucose-AUC (mmol/L) min ‡ | — | 1165 ± 125 | 1490 ± 171 | — | — | — | — | <0.001 | — | — |
| Insulin-AUC (mU/L) min ‡ | — | 13113 ± 6989 | 17858 ± 9843 | — | — | — | — | 0.007 | — | — |
| Waist (cm) § | — | 127 ± 14 | 132 ± 11 | 137 ± 16 | — | — | — | 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.48 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | — | 188 ± 30 | 192 ± 37 | 185 ± 39 | — | — | — | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 |
| HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | — | 48 ± 11 | 46 ± 13 | 43 ± 11 | — | — | — | 0.60 | 0.02 | 0.50 |
| LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | — | 119 ± 25 | 120 ± 36 | 113 ± 35 | — | — | — | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | — | 110 ± 47 | 137 ± 79 | 163 ± 81 | — | — | — | 0.23 | <0.001 | 0.06 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | — | 5.1 ± 3.3 | 6.9 ± 3.2 | 7.6 ± 3.4 | — | — | — | 0.02 | 0.001 | 1.0 |
| TNF-α (ng/L) | — | 7.6 ± 2.9 | 7.7 ± 2.9 | 9.1 ± 3.2 | — | — | — | 1.0 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| IL-6 (ng/L) | — | 3.4 ± 2.5 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 4.4 ± 2.4 | — | — | — | 0.81 | 0.003 | 0.08 |
| Leptin (µg/L) | — | 39 ± 15 | 39 ± 16 | 36 ± 15 | — | — | — | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.47 |
Clinical data of control subjects (lean), normoglycemic (ob N), prediabetic (ob preDM) and diabetic (ob T2DM) obese patients are presented as mean values ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis was based on the One Way ANOVA test (age, total cholesterol, leptin) or a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test (BMI, FPG, waist, insulin, HOMAIR, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, hs-CRP, TNF-α, IL-6) followed, when statistically significant by, respectively, the Holm-Sidak test or Dunn’s multiple comparison post-test. The Wilcoxon Mann Whitney test was used to compare glucose- and insulin-AUC values. Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test were used to compare dichotomous variables between groups.
*BMI was calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. †HOMAIR was calculated according to the following formula: [fasting serum insulin (mU/L) x fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)]/22.5. ‡AUC was calculated using the trapezoidal method. §Waist circumference was measured with a tailor-meter at the midpoint of the line connecting the inferior border of the lowest rib with the superior border of the iliac crest.