Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants
| Men n=1242 | Women n=1208 | Total n=2450 | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 47.9±9.7 | 46.7±9.1 | 47.3±9.4 | 0.001 |
| Body mass index | 25.4±3.8 | 27.7±4.5 | 26.6±4.3 | <0.001 |
| Obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2) | 149 (12.0%) | 363 (30.0%) | 512 (20.9%) | <0.001 |
| Overweight (BMI≥25 kg/m2) | 495 (39.9%) | 517 (42.8%) | 1012 (41.3%) | 0.139 |
| Body adiposity index | 27.3±4.3 | 35.4±5.6 | 31.3±6.4 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 91.8±10.9 | 95.7±12.5 | 93.7±11.9 | <0.001 |
| Central obesity (>90/97 cm)* | 728 (58.6%) | 583 (48.3%) | 1311 (53.5%) | <0.001 |
| Central obesity (>94/80 cm)* | 564 (45.4%) | 1080 (89.4%) | 1644 (67.1%) | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.92±0.06 | 0.92±0.08 | 0.92±0.07 | 0.608 |
| Central obesity (>0.85/0.90 cm)** | 1063 (85.6%) | 763 (63.2%) | 1826 (74.5%) | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 0.54±0.06 | 0.61±0.08 | 0.58±.08 | <0.001 |
| Central obesity (>0.5) | 905 (72.9%) | 1095 (90.6%) | 2000 (81.6%) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 169.0±104.4 | 155.0±93.0 | 161.9±99.3 | <0.001 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia† | 741 (59.7%) | 635 (52.6%) | 1376 (56.2%) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 122.6±42.9 | 130.6±41.4 | 126.5±42.3 | <0.001 |
| High LDL cholesterol†† | 550 (44.3%) | 608 (50.3%) | 1158 (47.3%) | 0.003 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 45.2±10.2 | 48.1±10.1 | 46.6±10.3 | <0.001 |
| Low HDL cholesterol‡ | 438 (35.3%) | 718 (59.4%) | 1156 (47.2%) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides/HDL-C ratio | 3.8±2.7 | 3.3±2.2 | 3.5±2.5 | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 85.5±28.6 | 86.8±29.6 | 86.1±29.1 | 0.243 |
| Diabetes‡‡ | 74 (6.0%) | 105 (8.7%) | 179 (7.3%) | 0.009 |
| Family history of hypertension | 221 (17.8%) | 246 (20.4%) | 467 (19.1%) | 0.105 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 112.4±11.7 | 111.7±11.7 | 112.1±11.7 | 0.105 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 73.9±7.8 | 73.5±7.9 | 73.7±7.9 | 0.140 |
| Ever smoking | 534 (43.0%) | 37 (3.1%) | 571 (23.3%) | <0.001 |
The numerical values are presented as mean±standard deviation and compared using Student’s t-test, except for items indicated by § where the Mann–Whitney U test was employed. Categorical data are shown as n (%) and are tested by chi-square.
Waist circumference ≥97 cm for women and ≥90 cm for men based on a previous ICS recommendation and ≥80 cm for women and ≥94 cm for men based on an International Diabetes Federation recommendation for Middle East.
Waist-to-hip ratio ≥0.85 for women and ≥0.90 cm for men (World Health Organization recommendation)
Triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL or on anti-lipid agents
LDL-C ≥130 mg/dL or on anti-lipid agents
HDL-C <40 mg/dL for men <50 mg/dL for women or on anti-lipid agents
Hyperglycemia at more than 126 mg/dL fasting blood sugar or use of diabetes medications
HDL - high-density lipoprotein; LDL - low-density lipoprotein