Table 2.
Descriptive characteristics of elderly men and women in the 2014-2016 KNHANES based on tertiles of the KHEI, aMED, and DASH score 1.
| KHEI | aMED | DASH | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | p-Value | p-Value (T1 vs. T3) | p-Value (T2 vs. T3) | T1 | T2 | T3 | p-Value | p-Value (T1 vs. T3) | p-Value (T2 vs. T3) | T1 | T2 | T3 | p-Value | p-Value (T1 vs. T3) | p-Value (T2 vs. T3) | |
| Men | ||||||||||||||||||
| n | 569 | 570 | 570 | 632 | 373 | 704 | 594 | 489 | 626 | |||||||||
| Low muscle strength 2, n (%) | 143 (24.0) | 121 (21.5) | 80 (13.0) | <0.001 | 174 (27.4) | 75 (20.4) | 95 (12.5) | <0.001 | 131 (21.7) | 111 (22.0) | 102 (15.5) | 0.018 | ||||||
| Age, y | 72.9 ± 0.2 | 72.1 ± 0.2 | 72.0 ± 0.2 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.689 | 73.3 ± 0.2 | 72.4 ± 0.3 | 71.5 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.012 | 72.2 ± 0.2 | 72.8 ± 0.3 | 72.1 ± 0.2 | 0.080 | 0.582 | 0.030 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.3 ± 0.2 | 23.8 ± 0.1 | 23.9 ± 0.1 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 0.907 | 23.4 ± 0.2 | 23.8 ± 0.2 | 23.8 ± 0.1 | 0.036 | 0.015 | 0.971 | 23.5 ± 0.2 | 23.5 ± 0.1 | 24.0 ± 0.1 | 0.038 | 0.028 | 0.030 |
| Education, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| <= Elementary school | 284 (56.1) | 220 (42.7) | 141(26.6) | <0.001 | 293 (53.9) | 141 (39.3) | 211 (32.4) | <0.001 | 261 (49.5) | 188 (42.7) | 196 (33.5) | <0.001 | ||||||
| > Elementary school | 219 (43.9) | 308 (57.3) | 392 (73.4) | 271 (46.1) | 207 (60.7) | 441 (67.6) | 272 (50.5) | 254 (57.3) | 393 (66.5) | |||||||||
| No response | 66 | 42 | 37 | 68 | 25 | 52 | 61 | 47 | 37 | |||||||||
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Nonsmoker | 96 (18.0) | 96 (16.0) | 139 (27.1) | <0.001 | 113 (19.7) | 68 (17.6) | 150 (22.3) | 0.060 | 93 (16.4) | 99 (20.5) | 139 (23.8) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Ex-smoker | 298 (58.5) | 343 (63.3) | 340 (59.7) | 333 (57.3) | 228 (63.9) | 420 (61.6) | 329 (59.2) | 271 (59.0) | 381 (63.2) | |||||||||
| Current smoker | 122 (23.6) | 111 (20.7) | 69 (13.2) | 135 (23.1) | 61 (18.5) | 106 (16.1) | 139 (24.4) | 86 (20.5) | 77 (13.0) | |||||||||
| No response | 53 | 20 | 22 | 51 | 16 | 28 | 33 | 33 | 29 | |||||||||
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Never | 154 (30.3) | 189 (32.4) | 201 (37.6) | <0.001 | 218 (39.0) | 109 (30.1) | 217 (30.7) | 0.057 | 187 (33.4) | 145 (31.3) | 212 (35.2) | 0.362 | ||||||
| < 1 Months | 57 (10.4) | 83 (15.9) | 110 (19.7) | 87 (14.4) | 59 (16.3) | 104 (15.9) | 80 (13.3) | 71 (16.2) | 99 (16.9) | |||||||||
| 1 Months | 75 (13.4) | 108 (19.8) | 114 (20.2) | 90 (15.1) | 78 (22.0) | 129 (18.1) | 93 (17.4) | 88 (17.5) | 116 (18.8) | |||||||||
| 2-4 Months | 96 (19.8) | 89 (17.0) | 76 (13.8) | 81 (14.5) | 53 (15.5) | 127 (19.4) | 93 (17.1) | 81 (19.7) | 87 (14.3) | |||||||||
| >= 4 Months | 136 (26.1) | 82 (14.8) | 47 (8.7) | 105 (17.0) | 59 (16.1) | 101 (15.8) | 110 (18.8) | 72 (15.3) | 83 (14.8) | |||||||||
| No response | 51 | 19 | 22 | 51 | 15 | 26 | 31 | 32 | 29 | |||||||||
| Days of strength exercise (days/week), n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 403 (79.6) | 363 (66.4) | 347 (65.9) | <0.001 | 449 (78.8) | 255 (73.2) | 409 (61.9) | <0.001 | 415 (76.7) | 330 (73.9) | 368 (62.1) | <0.001 | ||||||
| 1 days/week | 6 (1.1) | 11 (2.0) | 6 (0.9) | 11 (1.7) | 1 (0.3) | 11 (1.6) | 8 (1.7) | 9 (1.8) | 6 (0.7) | |||||||||
| 2 days/week | 15 (3.3) | 25 (4.5) | 27 (5.7) | 17 (3.2) | 14 (3.5) | 36 (6.1) | 21 (3.8) | 15 (3.9) | 31 (5.6) | |||||||||
| 3 days/week | 16 (3.2) | 20 (4.2) | 24 (4.1) | 15 (2.8) | 15 (4.1) | 30 (4.5) | 16 (3.0) | 13 (2.7) | 31 (5.5) | |||||||||
| 4 days/week | 8 (1.3) | 8 (1.8) | 20 (3.9) | 8 (1.3) | 11 (3.5) | 17 (2.6) | 10 (2.1) | 8 (2.0) | 18 (2.9) | |||||||||
| >=5 days/week | 58 (11.4) | 101 (21.2) | 109 (19.5) | 65 (12.1) | 54 (15.4) | 149 (23.2) | 65 (12.8) | 68 (15.8) | 135 (23.2) | |||||||||
| No response | 63 | 42 | 37 | 67 | 23 | 52 | 59 | 46 | 37 | |||||||||
| Dietary supplement use, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 385 (68.2) | 342 (59.0) | 295 (49.8) | <0.001 | 433 (69.1) | 218 (57.2) | 371 (51.5) | <0.001 | 392 (65.2) | 296 (60.1) | 334 (52.4) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 184 (31.8) | 228 (41.0) | 275 (50.2) | 199 (30.9) | 155 (42.8) | 333 (48.5) | 202 (34.8) | 193 (39.9) | 292 (47.6) | |||||||||
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 1916.4 ± 37.3 | 1969.8 ± 35.1 | 2002.8 ± 33.67 | 0.209 | 0.078 | 0.482 | 1746.6 ± 32.5 | 1934.3 ± 41.3 | 2161.4 ± 30.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1917.4 ± 33.8 | 1981.7 ± 42.6 | 1991.4 ± 32.1 | 0.222 | 0.105 | 0.856 |
| Number of physician diagnosed chronic conditions | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 0.407 | 0.246 | 0.232 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 0.132 | 0.103 | 0.607 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 0.028 | 0.016 | 0.039 |
| Women | ||||||||||||||||||
| n | 655 | 656 | 655 | 736 | 410 | 820 | 633 | 694 | 639 | |||||||||
| Low muscle strength 2, n (%) | 171 (26.2) | 130 (19.3) | 87 (14.0) | <0.001 | 200 (27.3) | 86 (20.5) | 102 (12.6) | <0.001 | 158 (24.4) | 151 (22.4) | 79 (12.5) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Age, y | 74.0 ± 0.2 | 72.8 ± 0.2 | 71.5 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 74.0 ± 0.2 | 73.1 ± 0.3 | 71.5 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 73.4 ± 0.2 | 73.1 ± 0.2 | 71.8 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.4 ± 0.2 | 24.4 ± 0.2 | 24.5 ± 0.1 | 0.779 | 0.492 | 0.643 | 24.4 ± 0.1 | 24.5 ± 0.2 | 24.4 ± 0.1 | 0.965 | 0.896 | 0.874 | 24.4 ± 0.2 | 24.4 ± 0.2 | 24.5 ± 0.1 | 0.936 | 0.718 | 0.908 |
| Education, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| <= Elementary school | 517 (87.8) | 464 (76.9) | 361 (58.6) | <0.001 | 547 (83.3) | 295 (78.7) | 500 (63.8) | <0.001 | 478 (83.9) | 465 (72.7) | 399 (66.1) | <0.001 | ||||||
| > Elementary school | 58 (12.2) | 135 (23.1) | 249 (41.4) | 100 (16.7) | 76 (21.3) | 266 (36.2) | 86 (16.1) | 160 (27.3) | 196 (33.9) | |||||||||
| No response | 80 | 57 | 45 | 89 | 39 | 54 | 69 | 69 | 44 | |||||||||
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Nonsmoker | 537 (89.8) | 579 (94.6) | 600 (95.4) | 0.020 | 609 (90.3) | 368 (94.5) | 739 (95.4) | 0.023 | 524 (89.8) | 602 (93.9) | 590 (96.1) | 0.003 | ||||||
| Ex-smoker | 34 (5.4) | 19 (3.4) | 18 (2.9) | 33 (4.9) | 10 (3.4) | 28 (3.1) | 29 (5.0) | 27 (4.2) | 15 (2.4) | |||||||||
| Current smoker | 20 (4.8) | 11 (2.1) | 12 (1.8) | 24 (4.8) | 6 (2.1) | 13 (1.5) | 22 (5.2) | 12 (1.9) | 9 (1.5) | |||||||||
| No response | 64 | 47 | 25 | 70 | 26 | 40 | 58 | 53 | 25 | |||||||||
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Never | 380 (62.6) | 387 (64.0) | 373 (57.8) | <0.001 | 439 (65.0) | 241 (62.8) | 460 (57.7) | 0.018 | 361 (60.8) | 396 (61.1) | 383 (62.3) | 0.145 | ||||||
| < 1 drink/month | 132 (22.7) | 169 (27.7) | 189 (30.5) | 149 (23.1) | 106 (26.9) | 235 (30.7) | 143 (25.6) | 173 (27.5) | 174 (28.2) | |||||||||
| 1 drink/month | 40 (7.0) | 33 (4.9) | 44 (7.5) | 43 (6.6) | 24 (6.0) | 50 (6.5) | 38 (6.7) | 42 (6.8) | 37 (5.9) | |||||||||
| 2-4 drink/month | 20 (3.7) | 18 (2.9) | 19 (3.2) | 19 (2.5) | 9 (2.4) | 29 (4.3) | 19(3.4) | 20 (3.4) | 18 (2.9) | |||||||||
| >= 4 drink/month | 22 (4.1) | 4 (0.4) | 5 (1.0) | 18 (2.8) | 7 (1.9) | 6 (0.8) | 18 (3.4) | 9 (1.2) | 4 (0.8) | |||||||||
| No response | 61 | 45 | 25 | 68 | 23 | 40 | 54 | 54 | 23 | |||||||||
| Days of strength exercise (days/week), n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 542 (93.5) | 546 (92.8) | 516 (83.9) | <0.001 | 608 (93.2) | 338 (91.9) | 658 (86.1) | 0.002 | 528 (93.4) | 565 (90.4) | 511 (86.2) | 0.009 | ||||||
| 1 day/week | 4 (1.0) | 7 (1.0) | 13 (2.0) | 9 (1.4) | 3 (0.7) | 12 (1.5) | 9 (1.6) | 9 (1.2) | 6 (1.1) | |||||||||
| 2 days/week | 9 (1.5) | 11 (1.9) | 9 (1.4) | 7 (1.2) | 6 (1.1) | 16 (2.1) | 9 (1.5) | 10 (1.6) | 10 (1.6) | |||||||||
| 3 days/week | 3 (0.4) | 11 (1.5) | 19 (3.2) | 6 (0.7) | 3 (0.7) | 24 (3.1) | 5 (0.6) | 9 (1.4) | 19 (3.1) | |||||||||
| 4 days/week | 4 (0.7) | 2 (0.3) | 14 (2.3) | 4 (0.6) | 4 (0.8) | 12 (1.6) | 3 (0.4) | 9 (1.4) | 8 (1.4) | |||||||||
| >=5 days/week | 16 (3.0) | 21 (2.8) | 42 (7.3) | 16 (2.9) | 17 (4.8) | 46 (5.5) | 12 (2.5) | 24 (4.0) | 43 (6.6) | |||||||||
| No response | 77 | 58 | 42 | 86 | 39 | 52 | 67 | 68 | 42 | |||||||||
| Dietary supplement use, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 393 (57.8) | 338 (50.3) | 256 (37.9) | <0.001 | 441 (58.3) | 196 (43.5) | 350 (42.3) | <0.001 | 362 (55.9) | 348 (48.5) | 277 (41.4) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 262 (42.2) | 318 (49.7) | 399 (62.1) | 295 (41.7) | 214 (56.5) | 470 (57.7) | 271 (44.1) | 346 (51.5) | 362 (58.6) | |||||||||
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 1438.4 ± 30.6 | 1454.8 ± 26.6 | 1537.1 ± 25.3 | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.018 | 1293.0 ± 24.1 | 1422.6 ± 27.3 | 1669.5 ± 27.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1429.3 ± 28.2 | 1471.9 ± 27.2 | 1529.4 ± 28.5 | 0.043 | 0.013 | 0.130 |
| Number of physician diagnosed chronic conditions | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 0.096 | 0.042 | 0.662 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 0.825 | 0.946 | 0.554 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 0.038 | 0.011 | 0.166 |
| Age at menarche, y | 16.1 ± 0.1 | 15.5 ± 0.1 | 15.4 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | <.001 | 0.418 | 15.9 ± 0.1 | 15.8 ± 0.1 | 15.5 ± 0.1 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.018 | 16.0 ± 0.1 | 15.7 ± 0.1 | 15.4 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 |
1 Values are means ± SDs unless otherwise specified. KNHANES, Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; KHEI, Korean Healthy Eating Index; aMED, alternate Mediterranean Diet; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; T, tertile, y, year. 2 Low muscle strength was defined as the lower 20th percentile of hand grip strength (men, 28.6 kg; women, 16.4 kg).