Table 1.
Advances in combinations of wall materials and technologies for the microencapsulation of probiotic microorganisms.
| Wall Materials | Encapsulation Technology | Microorganism | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Whey | Agglomeration/Spray-drying | Saccharomyces boulardii | [167] |
| Whey Protein isolate/Gum Arabic | Complex coacervation | Lactobacillus paraplantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei | [168] |
| Soy protein isolate (SPI) and high methoxy pectin (HMP) | Complexation | Lactobacillus delbrueckii | [169] |
| Carboxymethyl-cellulose and chitosan | Crosslinking | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | [158] |
| Cellulose and chitosan | Crosslinking | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | [170] |
| Aguamiel, Ag, or sweet whey, SW, as inner aqueous phase | Double emulsion | Lactobacillus plantarum | [171] |
| Alginate | Dual aerosol | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM | [172] |
| Alginate and Maltodextrin | Dual aerosol/freeze drying or spray drying | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM | [173] |
| Whey protein concentrate and pullulan | Electrospinning | Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb12 | [174] |
| Alginate and acidified zein | Electrospraying | Lactobacillus acidophilus | [175] |
| Alginate–human-like collagen | Electrostatic droplet generation | Bifidobacterium longum BIOMA 5920 | [176] |
| Alginate-gelatin and MgO | Electrospraying | Pediococcus pentosaceus | [177] |
| Ca-alginate | Electrospraying | Lactobacillus plantrarum | [178] |
| Ca-alginate and chitosan | Electrospraying | Lactobacillus plantrarum | [179] |
| Whey protein isolate | Electrospraying | Lactobacillus plantrarum | [180] |
| Whey protein isolate/whey protein isolate and inulin/whey protein isolate and inulin and persian gum | Εlectrospraying/freeze drying/spray drying | Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 | [181] |
| κ-carrageenan | Emulsification, freeze-drying or extrusion | Lactobacillus plantarum | [182] |
| Alginate | Emulsification/internal gelation | Bifidobacterium bifidum F-35 | [183] |
| Alginate and pectin and gelatin | Emulsion | Lactobacillus plantarum | [184] |
| Chickpea protein–alginate | Emulsion | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | [185] |
| Casein, native whey and/or denatured whey proteins | Emulsion | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | [186] |
| Aluminum carboxymethyl cellulose–rice bran | Emulsion | Lactobacillus reuteri | [187] |
| Na- alginate (Al), alginate/1% gellan gum alginate/gum Arabic | External ionic gelation | Lactobacillus plantarum DKL 109 | [188] |
| Na-alginate | Extrusion | Lactobacillus paracasei LAFTI® L26, Lactobacillus acidophilus Ki, Bifidobacterium animalis BB-12, Lactobacillus casei -01 | [189] |
| Na-alginate and chitosan | Extrusion | Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 | [190] |
| Na-alginate and fructo-oligosaccharides | Extrusion | Lactobacillus casei LC-01 and Lactobacillus casei BGP 93 | [191] |
| Alginate-whey protein | Extrusion | Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus | [192] |
| Alginate coated with chitosan and gelatin | Extrusion | Lactobacillus plantarum TN9Lactobacillus plantarum TN9 | [193] |
| Legume protein isolate–alginate | Extrusion | Bifidobacterium . adolescentis | [194] |
| Carrageenan-locust bean gum coated milk microspheres | Extrusion | Lactobacillus bulgaricus | [195] |
| Alginate–milk | Extrusion | Lactobacillus bulgaricus | [196] |
| Alginate (ALG) and alginate-psyllium (ALG-PSL) | Extrusion | Lactobacillus acidophilus | [197] |
| Alginate/chitosan/alginate | Extrusion | Lactobacillus salivarus | [198] |
| Alginate-skim milk | Extrusion | Lactobacillus reuteri DPC16 | [199] |
| Alginate–chitosan | Extrusion | Enterococcus faecium MC13 | [200] |
| Whey protein isolate | Extrusion | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | [201] |
| Pea protein isolate–alginate | Extrusion | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | [202] |
| Na-alginate | Extrusion/emulsion | Bifidobacterium. longum | [164] |
| Na-alginate coated with starch and chitosan | Extrusion | Lactobacillus acidophilus | [157] |
| Sweet whey and shellac | Fluidized bed microencapsulation | Lactobacillus reuteri | [203] |
| Gelatin and gum Arabic | Freeze drying | Bifidobacterium lactis | [204] |
| Na-alginate, gellan gum and skim milk powder | Freeze drying | Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens M1 | [205] |
| Sugarcane bagasse (SB) and sodium alginate (naa) | Immobilization/extrusion | Lactobacillus rhamnosus NRRL 442 | [206] |
| Pectin coated with whey protein heat treated or without heat treatment | Ionotropic gelation and electrostatic interactions | Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 | [207] |
| Chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose | Layer by layer | Lactobacillus acidophilus | [208] |
| Chitosan and dextran sulfate | Layer-by-layer technique (lbl) using oppositely charged polyelectrolytes | Saccharomyces boulardii | [209] |
| Sodium caseinate and gellan gum | Ph- induced gelation | Lactobacillus casei | [210] |
| Solid lipid microparticles With prebiotics (inulin, polydextrose) | Spray chilling | Lactobacillus acidophilus | [211] |
| Vegetable fat with lecithin | Spray chilling | Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus | [212] |
| Gum Arabic and β-cyclodextrin | Spey chilling and spray drying | Lactobacillys acidophilus | [213] |
| Fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) and whey proteins | Spray drying | Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC 5422 | [214] |
| Gum Arabic/maltodextrin/whey protein concentrate | Spray drying | Lactobacillus acidophilus | [159] |
| Slurry fermentation with whey | Spray drying | Lactobacillus reuteri | [215] |
| Skim milk and whey, maltodextrin, pectin, and arabic gum | Spray drying | Lactobacillus plantarum | [216] |
| Reconstituted skim milk (RSM) with prebiotics (inulin, oligofructose-enriched inulin, and oligofructose | Spray drying | Bifidobacterium BB-12 | [217] |
| Whey | Spray drying | Bifidobacterium Bb-12 | [218] |
| Whey protein isolate with sodium alginate and denatured whey protein isolate with sodium alginate | Spray drying and freeze drying | Lactobacillus plantarum | [219] |
| Sweet whey or skim milk | Spray drying | Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 | [220] |
| Native rice starch and inulin | Spray drying | Lactobacillus rhamnosus | [221] |
| Maltodextrin | Spray drying | Lactobacillus casei | [222] |
| Whey protein | Spray drying | Lactobacilus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei L26 and Bifidobacterium animalis BB-12 | [223] |
| Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-poly(vinylacetate-co-crotonic acid) | Supercritical carbon dioxide | Bifidobacterium longum Bb46 | [224] |
| Alginates-chitosan | Vibrating technology/extrusion | Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 | [225] |