Figure 3.

Th2-related cytokine concentrations produced by OVA-stimulated splenocytes were low in raw milk- and skimmed milk-treated mice. (A) The percentage of activated Th1 cells (CXCR3⁺ of CD4⁺CD69⁺ cells) and (B) Th2 cells (T1ST2⁺ of CD4⁺ cells) in the spleen. (C) The percentage of activated Th1 cells (CXCR3⁺ of CD4⁺CD69⁺ cells) and (D) activated Th2 cells (T1ST2⁺ of CD4⁺CD69⁺) in the MLN. (E) IFNγ, (F) IL-13 and (G) IL-10 concentrations measured in supernatant of ex vivo stimulated splenocytes with OVA (stimulated for four days, 37 °C, 5% CO₂). Data are presented as mean ± SEM, including individual data points, n = 6 in PBS group and n = 6–8 in all other groups. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 as analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test for pre-selected groups. PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; OVA, ovalbumin; raw, raw cow’s milk; pasteurized, pasteurized cow’s milk; skimmed, skimmed raw cow’s milk; pasteurized + ALP, pasteurized milk spiked with alkaline phosphatase; MLN, mesenteric lymph nodes.