Table 4.
Risk of obesity (HR and 95% CI) 1 in overweight participants (n = 3935) according to quintiles of different provegetarian food patterns (FP).
| Provegetarian FP | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | p-Trend | z-Continuous 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases/Person-years | 178/9650 | 162/8178 | 96/5655 | 126/7693 | 107/8288 | 2320/113,213 | |
| Age-and sex-adjusted | 1 (ref) | 1.06 (0.86 to 1.32) | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.20) | 0.90 (0.72 to 1.14) | 0.71 (0.55 to 0.90) | 0.003 | 0.78 (0.67 to 0.91) |
| Repeated measures | 1 (ref) | 1.06 (0.86 to 1.32) | 0.86 (0.67 to 1.12) | 0.92 (0.73 to 1.16) | 0.74 (0.58 to 0.94) | 0.007 | 0.80 (0.68 to 0.93) |
| Multivariable-adjusted 1 | 1 (ref) | 1.09 (0.87 to 1.36) | 0.91 (0.70 to 1.18) | 0.96 (0.75 to 1.23) | 0.79 (0.61 to 1.02) | 0.056 | 0.82 (0.69 to 0.98) |
| Repeated measures | 1 (ref) | 1.03 (0.83 to 1.29) | 0.83 (0.64 to 1.08) | 0.97 (0.77 to 1.24) | 0.83 (0.65 to 1.07) | 0.123 | 0.85 (0.72 to 1.01) |
| Healthful Provegetarian FP | |||||||
| Cases/Person-years | 141/7423 | 139/7876 | 135/6808 | 149/9846 | 105/7510 | 2320/113,213 | |
| Age-and sex-adjusted | 1 (ref) | 0.95 (0.75 to 1.20) | 1.04 (0.82 to 1.32) | 0.80 (0.63 to 1.01) | 0.73 (0.56 to 0.95) | 0.006 | 0.79 (0.68 to 0.93) |
| Repeated measures | 1 (ref) | 0.98 (0.77 to 1.23) | 1.05 (0.83 to 1.33) | 0.78 (0.62 to 0.99) | 0.74 (0.57 to 0.96) | 0.004 | 0.79 (0.68 to 0.92) |
| Multivariable-adjusted 1 | 1 (ref) | 0.93 (0.73 to 1.20) | 1.03 (0.80 to 1.33) | 0.86 (0.67 to 1.10) | 0.79 (0.59 to 1.05) | 0.066 | 0.87 (0.73 to 1.04) |
| Repeated measures | 1 (ref) | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.21) | 1.04 (0.81 to 1.34) | 0.82 (0.64 to 1.05) | 0.79 (0.60 to 1.03) | 0.036 | 0.86 (0.73 to 1.02) |
| Unhealthful Provegetarian FP | |||||||
| Cases/Person-years | 179/9930 | 143/8761 | 144/8338 | 108/6443 | 95/5991 | 2320/113,213 | |
| Age-and sex-adjusted | 1 (ref) | 0.93 (0.74 to 1.16) | 0.99 (0.79 to 1.24) | 0.93 (0.73 to 1.19) | 0.87 (0.68 to 1.11) | 0.305 | 0.92 (0.78 to 1.07) |
| Repeated measures | 1 (ref) | 0.92 (0.74 to 1.14) | 0.97 (0.78 to 1.21) | 0.90 (0.70 to 1.15) | 0.86 (0.67 to 1.11) | 0.256 | 0.92 (0.78 to 1.08) |
| Multivariable-adjusted 1 | 1 (ref) | 1.12 (0.90 to 1.40) | 1.05 (0.83 to 1.32) | 1.03 (0.80 to 1.33) | 0.96 (0.73 to 1.26) | 0.763 | 0.96 (0.81 to 1.14) |
| Repeated measures | 1 (ref) | 1.12 (0.90 to 1.39) | 1.04 (0.83 to 1.31) | 1.02 (0.79 to 1.30) | 0.95 (0.73 to 1.25) | 0.698 | 0.97 (0.82 to 1.15) |
Age was used as the underlying time variable in all the models. All the models were stratified by age groups (10-year periods) and year of recruitment (4-year periods). 1 Additionally adjusted for baseline BMI (kg/m2, continuous), physical activity (METs-h/week, quartiles), hours of TV watching (quartiles), smoking status (current, never, former), marital status (single, married, other), years of university education (years, continuous), total energy intake (kcal/day, continuous), snacking between meals (yes, no), following a special diet at baseline (yes, no), parental family history of obesity (yes, no), hours of siesta (0, >0 to ≤0.5, >0.5). Robust standard errors were used. 2 Standardized z-scores divided by 2 (i.e., HR and 95% CI for each additional 2 z-score units).