Table 3.
Prevalence of microcytic anaemia (Hb < 115 g/L and MCV < 80 fL) and associated demographic, socio-economic and anthropometric factors in 6–9-year-old children in rural areas of Vietnam.
| Total (N) | Microcytic Anaemia (N) | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | Univariate Analysis a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P-Value | Global P-Value b | |||||
| All children | 860 | 77 | 7.9 (5.3, 11.6) | ||||
| Sex | Girls (reference) | 429 | 32 | 6.5 (4.0, 10.4) | 1 | ||
| Boys | 431 | 45 | 9.2 (5.9, 14.0) | 1.45 (0.90, 2.35) | 0.127 | ||
| Age (months) | 69 to <81 (reference) | 272 | 26 | 8.2 (4.9, 13.4) | 1 | 0.444 | |
| 81 to <92 | 292 | 29 | 9.0 (5.5, 14.3) | 1.11 (0.63, 1.96) | 0.720 | ||
| 92 to ≤108 | 296 | 22 | 6.4 (3.7, 10.8) | 0.76 (0.42, 1.39) | 0.377 | ||
| Maternal employment status | Full time employment (reference) | 412 | 39 | 4.3 (1.7, 10.5) | 1 | 0.167 | |
| Self-employed | 110 | 5 | 8.5 (5.5 13.0) | 2.06 (0.79, 5.43) | 0.142 | ||
| Farmer | 72 | 5 | 5.8 (2.2, 14.3) | 1.37 (0.38, 5.02) | 0.632 | ||
| Unemployed | 57 | 8 | 13.7 (6.6, 26.3) | 3.54 (1.09, 11.52) | 0.036 | ||
| Maternal education | Above high school (reference) | 173 | 15 | 8.2 (4.7, 14.1) | 1 | 0.986 | |
| High school | 221 | 19 | 7.8 (4.5, 13.0) | 0.94 (0.45, 1.94) | 0.865 | ||
| Below high school | 262 | 23 | 8.0 (4.8, 12.9) | 0.97 (0.48, 1.95) | 0.929 | ||
| Monthly household income (million VND) |
<6 (reference) | 192 | 14 | 7.0 (3.9, 12.1) | 1 | 0.771 | |
| 6 to <10 | 204 | 19 | 8.8 (5.3, 14.3) | 1.30 (0.63, 2.67) | 0.483 | ||
| ≥10 | 224 | 18 | 7.6 (4.5, 12.5) | 1.10 (0.53, 2.28) | 0.797 | ||
| Stunting c | Not stunted (reference) | 809 | 70 | 7.6 (5.1, 11.2) | 1 | ||
| Stunted | 46 | 7 | 13.5 (6.1, 27.5) | 1.90 (0.81, 4.45) | 0.141 | ||
| Underweight d | Not underweight (reference) | 783 | 67 | 7.5 (5.0, 11.1) | 1 | ||
| Underweight | 74 | 10 | 12.0 (6.0, 22.5) | 1.67 (0.81, 3.43) | 0.163 | ||
| Wasting e | Not wasted (reference) | 804 | 71 | 7.7 (5.2, 11.4) | 1 | ||
| Wasted | 51 | 6 | 10.6 (4.5, 23.1) | 1.42 (0.58, 3.44) | 0.448 | ||
| Overweight/ obesity f | Not overweight/obese (reference) | 695 | 67 | 8.5 (5.7, 12.4) | 1 | ||
| Overweight/obese | 160 | 10 | 6.0 (3.0, 11.6) | 0.69 (0.34, 1.40) | 0.307 | ||
| CIAF g | No anthropometric failure (reference) | 744 | 63 | 7.4 (4.9, 11.1) | 1 | ||
| Anthropometric failure | 113 | 14 | 11.0 (6.0, 19.3) | 1.54 (0.82, 2.86) | 0.178 | ||
a Generalised linear mixed models including the covariate as a fixed effect and school as a random effect; b Overall p-value for the association between the outcome and the covariate; c Defined as height-for-age z-score < −2 [32]; d Defined as weight-for-age z-score < −2 [32]; e Defined as BMI-for-age z-score < −2 [32]; f Defined as BMI-for-age z-score > 1 [32]; g Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure: height-for-age, weight-for-age, and/or BMI-for-age z-score < −2 [33].