Table 4.
Prevalence of normocytic anaemia (Hb < 115 g/L and MCV 80–90 fL) and associated demographic, socio-economic and anthropometric factors in 6–9-year-old children in rural areas of Vietnam.
| Total (N) | Normocytic Anaemia (N) | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | Univariate Analysis a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P-Value | Global P-Value b | |||||
| All children | 860 | 59 | 5.3 (2.9, 9.5) | ||||
| Sex | Girls (reference) | 429 | 32 | 5.9 (3.1, 11.0) | 1 | ||
| Boys | 431 | 27 | 4.7 (2.4, 9.0) | 0.78 (0.46, 1.34) | 0.373 | ||
| Age (months) | 69 to <81 (reference) | 272 | 26 | 7.5 (3.9, 14.1) | 1 | 0.102 | |
| 81 to <92 | 292 | 16 | 4.2 (2.0, 8.7) | 0.54 (0.28, 1.04) | 0.069 | ||
| 92 to ≤108 | 296 | 17 | 4.4 (2.1, 8.9) | 0.56 (0.29, 1.07) | 0.077 | ||
| Maternal employment status | Full time employment (reference) | 412 | 27 | 4.9 (1.4, 16.3) | 1 | 0.477 | |
| Self-employed | 110 | 9 | 3.1 (0.9, 9.9) | 0.62 (0.27, 1.41) | 0.258 | ||
| Farmer | 72 | 8 | 5.4 (1.4, 18.5) | 1.10 (0.38, 3.16) | 0.866 | ||
| Unemployed | 57 | 3 | 3.1 (0.6, 14.1) | 0.62 (0.15, 2.47) | 0.495 | ||
| Maternal education | Above high school (reference) | 173 | 11 | 3.0 (0.8, 10.2) | 1 | 0.309 | |
| High school | 221 | 13 | 3.0 (0.9, 9.9) | 1.01 (0.42, 2.41) | 0.989 | ||
| Below high school | 262 | 23 | 4.8 (1.5, 14.4) | 1.64 (0.73, 3.36) | 0.230 | ||
| Monthly household income(million VND) | <6 (reference) | 192 | 16 | 4.6 (1.4, 14.5) | 1 | 0.126 | |
| 6 to <10 | 204 | 9 | 2.1 (0.6, 7.6) | 0.45 (0.19, 1.06) | 0.066 | ||
| ≥10 | 224 | 20 | 4.5 (1.3, 14.0) | 0.97 (0.48, 1.99) | 0.942 | ||
| Stunting c | Not stunted (reference) | 809 | 54 | 5.1 (2.8, 9.3) | 1 | ||
| Stunted | 46 | 5 | 9.0 (3.2, 22.9) | 1.82 (0.68, 4.90) | 0.236 | ||
| Underweight d | Not underweight (reference) | 783 | 48 | 4.7 (2.6, 8.6) | 1 | ||
| Underweight | 74 | 11 | 12.0 (5.4, 24.3) | 2.74 (1.33, 5.64) | 0.006 | ||
| Wasting e | Not wasted (reference) | 804 | 49 | 4.7 (2.6, 8.5) | 1 | ||
| Wasted | 51 | 10 | 15.7 (7.0, 31.4) | 3.76 (1.73, 8.17) | 0.001 | ||
| Overweight/ obesity f | Not overweight/obese (reference) | 695 | 55 | 6.2 (3.5, 10.9) | 1 | ||
| Overweight/obese | 160 | 4 | 2.2 (0.7, 6.4) | 0.33 (0.12, 0.94) | 0.038 | ||
| CIAF g | No anthropometric failure (reference) | 744 | 44 | 4.6 (2.5, 8.3) | 1 | ||
| Anthropometric failure | 113 | 15 | 10.5 (5.1, 20.5) | 2.45 (1.30, 4.64) | 0.006 | ||
a Generalised linear mixed models including the covariate as a fixed effect and school as a random effect; b Overall p-value for the association between the outcome and the covariate; c Defined as height-for-age z-score < −2 [32]; d Defined as weight-for-age z-score < −2 [32]; e Defined as BMI-for-age z-score < −2 [32]; f Defined as BMI-for-age z-score > 1 [32]; g Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure: height-for-age, weight-for-age, and/or BMI-for-age z-score < −2 [33].