Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and CVD/CHD incidence of study participants based on smoking status
| Men (n = 4378) | P value | Women (n = 6022) | P value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never smoker (n = 1895) (43.3%) | Passive smoker (n = 831) (19%) | Ex-smoker (n = 454) (10.4%) | Passive & ex-smoker (n = 207) (4.7%) | Occasional smoker (n = 98) (2.2%) | Daily smoker (n = 893) (20.4) | Never smoker (n = 4531) (75.2%) | Passive smoker (n = 1251) (20.8%) | Ever smoker (n = 240) (4%) | |||
| Age | 43.97 ± 16.4 | 36.64 ± 13.1 | 51.13 ± 15.7 | 41.40 ± 13.1 | 39.56 ± 12.9 | 42.17 ± 12.6 | < 0.001 | 40.74 ± 14.2 | 37.72 ± 12.9 | 46.28 ± 13.3 | < 0.001 |
| Education level n (%) | |||||||||||
| Illiterate | 107(5.6) | 17(2.1) | 37(8.1) | 10(4.8) | 3(3.1) | 28(3.1) | < 0.001 | 490(10.8) | 111(8.9) | 46(19.2) | < 0.001 |
| Lower than diploma | 663(35.0) | 230(27.7) | 210(46.3) | 72(34.8) | 34(34.7) | 364(40.9) | 1828(40.4) | 517(41.4) | 88(36.7) | ||
| Diploma | 731(38.6) | 426(51.4) | 129(28.4) | 95(45.9) | 40(40.8) | 383(43.0) | 1695(37.4) | 502(40.2) | 84(35.0) | ||
| Higher | 394(20.8) | 156(18.8) | 78(17.2) | 30(14.5) | 21(21.4) | 116(13.0) | 515(11.4) | 120(9.6) | 22(9.2) | ||
| Marital status n (%) | |||||||||||
| Single | 380(20.1) | 259(31.2) | 40(8.8) | 28(13.5) | 18(18.4) | 131(14.7) | < 0.001 | 573(12.6) | 204(16.3) | 12(5.0) | < 0.001 |
| Widowed/divorced | 14(0.7) | 3(0.4) | 8(1.8) | 1(0.5) | 1(1.0) | 9(1.0) | 428(9.4) | 74(5.9) | 48(20.0) | ||
| Married | 1501(79.2) | 569(68.4) | 406(89.4) | 178(86.0) | 79(80.6) | 753(84.3) | 3530(78.0) | 973(77.8) | 180(75.0) | ||
| Occupation n(%) | |||||||||||
| Unemployed | 231(12.2) | 98(11.8) | 37(8.2) | 12(5.8) | 12(12.2) | 55(6.2) | < 0.001 | 2832(84.6) | 1049(83.9) | 197(82.1) | < 0.001 |
| Unemployed with income | 374(19.7) | 35(4.2) | 137(30.2) | 23(11.1) | 10(10.2) | 102(11.4) | 192(4.2) | 28(2.2) | 19(7.9) | ||
| Employed | 1289(68.1) | 698(84.0) | 279(61.6) | 172(83.1) | 76(77.6) | 735(82.4) | 507(11.2) | 174(13.9) | 24(10.0) | ||
| Physical activity n(%) | |||||||||||
| Low | 1036(56.9) | 446(55.7) | 264(59.6) | 101(51.6) | 54(55.7) | 606(68.2) | < 0.001 | 2533(59.4) | 710(59.3) | 143(60.8) | 0.655 |
| Moderate | 307(16.9) | 145(18.1) | 59(13.3) | 34(17.3) | 22(22.7) | 116(13.0) | 619(14.5) | 167(14.0) | 26(11.1) | ||
| High | 477(26.2) | 210(26.2) | 120(27.1) | 61(31.1) | 21(21.6) | 167(18.8) | 1115(26.1) | 320(26.7) | 66(28.1) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.95 ± 4.0 | 25.71 ± 4.2 | 26.22 ± 4.0 | 26.28 ± 3.9 | 26.55 ± 4.5 | 25.12 ± 4.2 | < 0.001 | 27.39 ± 5.1 | 27.35 ± 5.2 | 27.94 ± 4.3 | 0.147 |
| FBS (mmol/l) | 5.43 ± 1.60 | 5.19 ± 1.21 | 5.70 ± 1.90 | 5.46 ± 1.74 | 5.45 ± 1.64 | 5.32 ± 1.63 | < 0.001 | 5.36 ± 1.80 | 5.28 ± 1.70 | 5.53 ± 2.12 | 0.094 |
| TG (mmol/l)* | 1.67 (1.11–2.42) | 1.63 (1.10–2.41) | 1.83 (1.31–2.60) | 1.65 (1.15–2.56 | 1.93 (1.34–2.70 | 1.80 (1.20–2.61) | < 0.001 | 1.47 (0.99–2.21) | 1.40 (0.96–2.07) | 1.55 (1.08–2.23) | 0.004 |
| Chol (mmol/l) | 5.17 ± 1.08 | 5.04 ± 1.12 | 5.35 ± 1.14 | 5.11 ± 1.31 | 5.44 ± 1.06 | 5.25 ± 1.14 | < 0.001 | 5.39 ± 1.26 | 5.23 ± 1.19 | 5.55 ± 1.26 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.01 ± 0.24 | 0.98 ± 0.23 | 0.98 ± 0.22 | 0.99 ± 0.23 | 0.97 ± 0.26 | 0.96 ± 0.25 | < 0.001 | 1.17 ± 0.29 | 1.16 ± 0.30 | 1.13 ± 0.27 | 0.179 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 3.29 ± 0.90 | 3.21 ± 0.95 | 3.45 ± 0.94 | 3.21 ± 0.97 | 3.52 ± 0.90 | 3.36 ± 0.96 | < 0.001 | 3.43 ± 1.04 | 3.30 ± 0.96 | 3.62 ± 1.04 | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 122.1 ± 18.9 | 118.04 ± 14.8 | 124.4 ± 19.7 | 119.5 ± 17.5 | 118.2 ± 16.7 | 114.6 ± 15.8 | < 0.001 | 117.4 ± 19.4 | 115.3 ± 18.6 | 117.7 ± 20.4 | 0.002 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.6 ± 11.1 | 77.8 ± 10.2 | 78.1 ± 11.2 | 78.4 ± 11.6 | 78.1 ± 11.6 | 74.0 ± 10.46 | < 0.001 | 76.8 ± 10.9 | 76.1 ± 10.4 | 76.2 ± 11.1 | 0.153 |
| With CVD | 161 (8.5) | 42 (5.5) | 61 (13.4) | 19 (9.2) | 11 (11.2) | 104 (11.2) | < 0.001 | 213 (4.7) | 46 (3.7) | 15 (6.3) | 0.133 |
| With CHD | 133 (7.0) | 42 (5.1) | 49 (10.8) | 19 (9.2) | 9 (9.2) | 92 (10.3) | < 0.001 | 183 (4.0) | 40 (3.2) | 13 (5.4) | 0.189 |
Normally distributed continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD and p value was calculated with ANOVA; * Skewed continuous variables are presented as median (Q1-Q3) and p value was calculated with Kruskal-Wallis; Categorical variables are presented as number (%) and p value was calculated with Chi-square test. BMI body mass index, FBS fasting blood sugar, TG triglycerides, Chol cholesterol, HDL-C high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, CVD cardiovascular disease, CHD coronary heart disease. P < 0.05 has been considered significant