Table 3.
Published Literature on the Burden of Pneumonia in Long-term Care Facilities
| Author, Publication Year | Study Design | Country | Study Dates | Type of study | Age, Mean (SD)*, in years | n Infected / N at Risk† | Estimate of Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cartter et al., 1990 [33] | Retrospective Cohort | United States | December 1, 1984 to April 10, 1985 | Outbreak | Median: Nursing Home A: 84 Nursing Home C: 85 | Nursing Home A: 3 / 16 Nursing Home C: 25 / 126 |
Nursing Home A Incidence Proportion: 18.8% Nursing Home C Incidence Proportion: 19.8% |
| Langmore et al., 2002 [41] | Cross-sectional | United States | 1993–1994 | Non-outbreak | Age ≥ 85, 49.4%; Age 65 to 84, 51.6% | 3118 / 102,755 | Prevalence: 3.0% |
| Konetzka et al., 2004 [34] | Retrospective Cohort | United States | 1996 | Non-outbreak | 83.5 (7.4) | 766 / 5899 | Prevalence Proportion: 13.0% |
| Quagliarello et al., 2005 [21] | Prospective Cohort | United States | February 2001 to March 2003 | Non-outbreak | 84.7 (8) | 112 / 613 | Incidence Proportion: 18.3% |
| Won et al., 2006 [35] | Retrospective Cohort | United States | June 1998 to December 2000 | Non-outbreak | 83.4‡ | 75 / 3547 | Prevalence Proportion: 2.1% |
| Givens et al., 2010 [22] | Prospective Cohort | United States | 2003 to 2009 | Non-outbreak | 86 (7.0) | 133 / 323 | Incidence Proportion: 41.2% |
| Aparasu et al., 2013 [36] | Retrospective Cohort | United States | July 1, 2001 to December 31, 2003 | Non-outbreak | 83.5 (8.1) | Atypical Antipsychotic‡: 295 / 3609 Typical Antipsychotic‡: 188 / 3609 | Atypical Antipsychotic Incidence Proportion: 8.17%; Atypical Antipsychotic Incidence Rate‡: 4.61 cases per person-year; Typical Antipsychotic Incidence Proportion: 5.21%; Typical Antipsychotic Incidence Rate‡: 5.21 cases per person-year |
| Huybrechts et al., 2011 [32] | Retrospective Cohort | Canada | January 1, 1996 to March 31, 2006 | Non-outbreak | 83.8 (6.9)§ | Prevalence: 920 / 10,900; Incidence: 265 events / 2890 person-years | Prevalence Proportion: 8.4%; Incidence Rate: 9.17 per 100 person-years |
| Sund-Levander et al., 2007 [23] | Prospective Cohort | Sweden | 2000–2003 | Non-outbreak | 84.6 (6.7)|| | 44 / 234 | Incidence Proportion: 28.9% |
| te Wierik et al., 2012 [24] | Prospective Cohort | Netherlands | January to March 15, 2010 | Outbreak | 90.1 (1.1) | 9 / 140 | Incidence Proportion: 6.4%** |
| Rummukainen et al., 2013 [43] | Cross-sectional | Finland | 2011 | Non-outbreak | Age > 85, 49%** | 75 / 5262 | Prevalence Proportion: 1.4% |
| Sarabia-Cobo et al., 2016 [25] | Prospective Cohort | Spain | 2011–2013 | Non-outbreak | 88.7 (6.8) | 1330 / 2384 | Prevalence Proportion: 55.8% |
| Fukushima et al., 2008 [26] | Prospective Cohort | Japan | December 1, 2003 to March 28, 2004 | Non-outbreak | 85 | 17 / 284 | Incidence Proportion: 6.0% |
| Wu et al., 2010 [40] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Taiwan | 2004 | Non-outbreak | 82.3 (8.3) | No data / 74 | Traditional Model Incidence Rate: 0.17 cases per 1000 bed-days; Integrated Care Model Incidence Rate: 0.07 cases per 1000 bed-days†† |
| Doi et al., 2014 [37] | Retrospective Cohort | Japan | Winter 2014 | Outbreak | 81.5 (8.5) | 5 / 99 | Prevalence Proportion: 5.1% |
| Kikutani et al., 2015 [27] | Prospective Cohort | Japan | No data | Non-outbreak | 86.7 (7.8) | 33 / 691 | Incidence Proportion: 4.8% |
*If available and unless another measure is specified
†The estimates and study participants’ characteristics were calculated among unvaccinated individuals whenever both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals were included in the study samples
‡Rates were only provided by atypical versus typical antipsychotic exposure status
§Calculated by combining individual groups’ data using methods recommended by the Cochrane Collaborative
§Calculated from 1-year follow-up
||Measured during the initial 5 weeks of the study period
**Age derived only from the nursing home residents
††Rates were only provided for each arm of the trial