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. 2019 Jul 30;10:984. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00984

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Copyright © 2019 Czechowski, Rinaldi, Famodimu, Van Veelen, Larson, Winzer, Rathbone, Harvey, Horrocks and Graham.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Comparison of in vitro antiplasmodial activity of leaf extracts from Artemisia annua wild type, mutant and antisense lines with altered flavonoid and artemisinin content. (A,C) Log concentration-normalized response curves of Plasmodium falciparum parasites after 48 h of treatment with extracts used to determine the EC₅₀ (50% effective concentration of extract needed to inhibit growth of the P. falciparum parasites) of the indicated extracts. (B,D) Bioluminescent Relative Rate of Kill (BRRoK) assays to determine the initial (6 h) cytocidal action, compared to an untreated control after exposure to extracts of wild type, heterozygous and homozygous chi1-1, and the AMS silenced line (B) or heterozygous and homozygous cyp71av1-1 (D) at multiples of the EC₅₀ alongside dihydroartemisinin (DHA) > chloroquine (CQ) > mefloquine (MQ) > atovaquone (ATQ) benchmark controls. Error bars represent standard deviations from the means of three biological replicates.