Table 1.

Various EVs used as a drug delivery vehicle in disease treatment.

Serial no.	EV type	Loaded drug	Disease type	Remarks	References
1	DEXAFP	α-Fetoprotein	Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)	Improved tumor microenvironment, elevated CD8+ T lymphocytes expressing IFN-γ	[112]
2	miR-34c-5p-loaded exosome	miR-34c-5p	Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)	Downregulated miR-34c-5p, regulates its own expression by targeting RAB27B through positive feedback	[113]
3	(i) Doxorubicin-loaded breast cancer-derived exosomes (ExoDOX)	(i) Doxorubicin	Breast cancer	ExoDOX are more stable and tolerable compared to free drug cardiotoxicity	[114]
	(ii) IRGD-exos	(ii) Doxorubicin		The loaded specific IRGD-exos efficiently targeted αv integrin-positive breast cancer cells in vitro, showed slower tumor growth	[115]
	(iii) miR-let-7a-loaded GE11-positive exosome-dependent EFGR	(iii) miR-let-7a		Loaded exosome binds to PDGF receptor transmembrane domain of EFGR, causes tumor growth inhibition	[111]
	(iv) Tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate- (EGCG-) loaded exosomes	(iv) EGCG		Decrease in CSF-1 and CCL2 tumor growth factor-associated macrophages (M2), increased activity of tumor-inhibiting macrophage phenotype (M1), upregulation of miR-16	[116]
4	Macrophage-derived exosomes loaded with paclitaxel (exoPTX)	Paclitaxel	Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR) cancer	Increased drug toxicity by bypassing drug efflux transporter-mediated resistance mechanisms, decreased metastasis growth	[117]
5	(i) Loaded exosomes from brain endothelial cell line bEND.3	(i) Rhodamine, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel	Glioblastoma	Doxorubicin-loaded exosome showed higher activity and much reduction in tumor size in the brain of zebrafish	[118]
	(ii) Mesenchymal cell derived-exosomes loaded with anti-miR-9	(ii) Temozolomide (TMZ)		Reversion of multidrug transporter expression, sensitize cells to TMZ, increase caspase activity and cell death	[119]
6	Catalase loaded monocyte-derived exosomes (ExoCAT)	Catalase	Parkinson's disease (PD)	The exosomes prevented mononuclear phagocytic entrapment of drug	[120]
7	DC-derived Lamp2b fusion exosomes	siRNA against BACE1	Alzheimer's disease	Loaded exosomes expressed RVG surface peptide and actively targeted neuronal cells and specific gene silencing activity in targeted neurons	[111]
8	Pancreatic cancer cell-derived exosomes	Curcumin	Pancreatic cancer	Induced apoptosis	[121]
9	Curcumin-loaded exosomes (CUR-EXO)	Curcumin	Microglial cell inflammation	Inflammation reduced after 2 h, enhanced apoptosis. Intranasal administration caused inflammation-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice	[122]