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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Epidemiol. 2019 Apr 3;34:33–39. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.03.014

Table 4.

Hazard ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) for bladder cancer according to coffee consumption in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study stratified by smoking status (N=26,841)

Model adjustment Coffee (cups/day)1 Tea (cups/day)1
Non drinker <1 >1 >2 >3 P trend P interaction Non drinker <1 >1 P trend P interaction
<35 pack-years 0.66 0.73
No of cases 9 34 115 125 107 249 109 32
Multivariable adjusted1 1.45 (0.69 3.02) 1 1.33 (0.91 1.96) 1.36 (0.92 2.00) 1.44 (0.97 2.15) 0.20 1 0.85 (0.68 1.07) 0.79(0.55 1.15) 0.19
>35 pack-years
No of cases 8 46 99 131 161 304 114 27
Multivariable adjusted2 0.75 (0.35 1.59) 1 0.82 (0.28 1.17) 0.83 (0.29 1.17) 0.90 (0.53 1.26) 0.91 1 0.96 (0.77 1.20) 0.73 (0.49 1.09) 0.13
1

One 8 oz cup =237 grams of coffee or tea

2

Adjusted for age (continuous), BMI (kg/m2, continuous), level of education (high school or less, greater than high school), years of smoking (continuous), cigarettes smoked per day (continuous), alcohol (grams/day, continuous), tea consumption (drinker, non-drinker), history of diabetes (yes or no), frequency of physical activity in leisure time (<1/week, 1–2/week, ≥3/week), Energy (kcal/day, continuous), nutrient density adjusted fruit consumption (grams/day, continuous), nutrient density adjusted vegetable consumption (grams/day, continuous)