Table 4.

Main Effect Models for Main Outcomes

	Rate Ratio	95% CI	p-Value
Number of ED visits*
Unadjusted	0.717	0.59–0.88	0.0012
Adjusted†	0.690	0.57–0.84	<0.0002
Number of opioid prescriptions‡
Unadjusted	0.570	0.46–0.71	<0.0001
Adjusted†	0.569	0.46–0.70	<0.0001

CI = confidence interval; ED = emergency department.

^*Negative binomial model used to account for over-dispersion.

^†Adjusted for participant race and baseline opioid prescriptions.

^‡Poisson model.