Table 1.

Summary of recent meta-analyses evaluating treatment effects of probiotics.

Outcome	Year	Trials, n	Patients, n	Relative risk of outcome (95 % CI)
Necrotizing Enterocolitis (Bell stage II or III)
Sawh et al.[18]	2016	35	10520	0.53 (0.42–0.66)
Dermyshi et al.[48]	2017	29	8535	0.57 (0.47–0.70)
Chang et al.[28]	2017	25	7345	0.60 (0.48–0.74)
Thomas et al.[49]	2017	23	7325	0.57 (0.43–0.74)
Late-onset sepsis
Sawh et al.[18]	2016	28	8707	0.88 (0.77–1.00)
Rao et al.[50]	2016	37	9416	0.86 (0.78–0.94)
Dermyshi et al.[48]	2017	28	7987	0.88 (0.80–0.97)
Death from any cause
Sawh et al.[18]	2016	27	9507	0.79 (0.68–0.93)
Dermyshi et al.[48]	2017	27	8156	0.77 (0.65–0.92)
Chang et al.[28]	2017	21	6291	0.75 (0.60–0.92)
Thomas et al.[49]	2017	22	6954	0.72 (0.57–0.92)

Abbreviations: RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis.

Adapted from Patel RM and Underwood MA. Semin Ped Surg. 2018[3] [with permission]