Table 1.
Demographic characteristics by GDM for singleton deliveries in 1999–2009
| GDM (n=18,244) | No GDM (n=221,330) | |
|---|---|---|
| n (column %)a,b | n (column %)a,b | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 32.4 (5.4) | 29.4 (5.8) |
| Parity | ||
| 0 | 6486 (35.6) | 88309 (39.9) |
| 1 | 5326 (29.2) | 70964 (32.1) |
| ≥2 | 6107 (33.5) | 58426 (26.5) |
| Missing | 325 (1.8) | 3631 (1.6) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 3461 (19.0) | 58077 (26.2) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1289 (7.1) | 22028 (10.0) |
| Hispanic | 9753 (53.5) | 112620 (50.9) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 3451 (18.9) | 25136 (11.4) |
| Other | 290 (1.6) | 3469 (1.6) |
| Education | ||
| High school or lower | 7706 (42.4) | 91397 (41.3) |
| Some College | 5009 (27.5) | 61716 (27.9) |
| College graduate or higher | 5377 (29.5) | 66238 (29.9) |
| Missing | 152 (0.8) | 1979 (0.9) |
| Household annual incomec | ||
| < $30,000 | 1376 (7.5) | 18044 (8.2) |
| $30,000–$49,999 | 6318 (34.6) | 73942 (33.4) |
| $50,000–$69,999 | 5872 (32.3) | 70911 (32.0) |
| $70,000–$89,999 | 2871 (15.7) | 35876 (16.2) |
| ≥ $90,000 | 1807 (9.9) | 22557 (10.2) |
| Prepregnancy body mass indexd | ||
| Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2) | 61 (0.3) | 1832 (0.8) |
| Normal (≥18.5–< 25 kg/m2) | 1761 (9.7) | 30465 (13.8) |
| Overweight (≥ 25–< 30 kg/m2) | 1828 (10.0) | 18780 (8.5) |
| Obese (≥ 30 kg/m2) | 2308 (12.7) | 15009 (6.8) |
| Missing | 12286 (67.3) | 155244 (70.1) |
a
Defined as GDM diagnosed at ≥ 13 weeks’ gestation
b
All characteristics were significantly different based on the χ2–squared test for proportions and analysis of variance for means (p<0.001), except for maternal education (p=0.09)
c
Based on census tract median
d
nformation available starting in late 2006