Table 3.
Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for association between GDM ≥ 13 weeks’ gestation and each pollutant preconception or first trimester exposure alone (single-pollutant) and mutually adjusted for preconception and first trimester exposures of each pollutant and a co-pollutant from both exposure windows (multi-pollutant)
| Model | Pollutant | Preconception | First trimester |
|---|---|---|---|
| ORa,b (95%CI) | ORa,b (95% Cl) | ||
| Single-pollutant | NO2 | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) |
| Multi-pollutantc | Adjusted for PM2.5 | 1.09 (1.05–1.13) | 1.02 (0.98–1.05) |
| Adjusted for PM10 | 1.10 (1.06–1.13) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | |
| Adjusted for O3 | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | |
| Single-pollutant | PM2.5 | 1.04 (1.01–1.06) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) |
| Multi-pollutantc | Adjusted for PM10 | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) |
| Adjusted for NO2 | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | 0.97 (0.93–1.00) | |
| Adjusted for O3 | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | |
| Single-pollutant | PM10 | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) |
| Multi-pollutantc | Adjusted for PM2.5 | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) |
| Adjusted for NO2 | 1.00(0.97–1.04) | 0.99(0.95–1.02) | |
| Adjusted for O3 | 1.02(0.99–1.06) | 1.02(0.98–1.05) | |
| Single-pollutant | O3 | 0.94 (0.92–0.95) | 0.95 (0.94–0.97) |
| Multi-pollutantc | Adjusted for PM2.5 | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | 0.96 (0.94–0.97) |
| Adjusted for PM10 | 0.93 (0.91–0.95) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | |
| Adjusted for NO2 | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) |
Adjusted for family correlation, birth year, KPSC medical center service areas, maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, household income, parity
NO2 per 10.4 ppb, PM2.5 per 6.5 μg/m3, PM per 16.1 μg/m3,O3 per 15.7 ppb (scaled as described in the statistical analyses section)
Odds ratios mutually adjusted for preconception and first trimester exposures of the pollutant plus a co-pollutant from both preconception and first trimester exposure windows. For example, the estimate for preconception NO2 exposure mutually adjusted for PM2.5 included first trimester NO2 + preconception PM2.5 + first trimester PM2.5 exposures.
Bold=statistically significant at p<0.05